1A Bioloy: Core. Flashcards
Name all of the food groups you should eat to have a balanced diet.
Food groups:
1) Carbohydrates.
2) Fats.
3) Protein.
4) Fibre.
5) Vitamins.
6) Minerals.
7) Water.
Name five health problems associated with obesity.
1) Arthritis (Inflammation of the joints).
2) Type 2 diabetes (The inability to control your blood sugar level).
3) High blood pressure.
4) Heart problems.
5) Can cause some cancers,
Describe three ways in which your immune system defends the body against disease.
1) It engulfs the pathogen.
2) Produces antibodies that lock onto the antigens on the pathogens surface and are specific to only that pathogen.
3) The produce antitoxins.
Name one type of bacteria that has developed resistance to antibiotics.
MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staphlococcus aureus).
What practise did Semmelweis introduce in the 1840’s?
Explain why it reduced the death rates in his ward.
He believed that doctors were spreading the disease (puerperal fever) on their unwashed hands. By telling doctors entering his ward to wash their hands in an antiseptic solution, he cut the death rate from 12% to just 2%. The antiseptic solution killed bacteria on the doctors hands.
What is a synapse?
A synapse is the connection between two neurones.
What is the purpose of a reflex arc?
To make you react quickly to a dangerous situation and to prevent yourself from getting injured.
Describe the pathway of a reflex arc from stimulus to response.
1) The neurones in reflex arcs go through the spinal cord or through an unconscious part of the brain.
2) When a stimulus (e.g. a bee sting) is detected by receptors, impulses are sent along a sensory neurone to the CNS.
3) When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and a relay neurone, they trigger chemicals to be released. These chemicals cause impulses to be sent along the relay neurone.
4) When the impulses reach a synapse between the sensory neurone and a motor neurone, the same thing happens. Chemicals are released and causes impulses to be sent along the motor neurone.
5) The impulses then travel along the motor neurone to the effector (It is a muscle in this given example).
6) The muscle then contracts and moves your hand away from the bee.
7) Because you do not have to think about it, it is quicker than your normal response.
Define ‘hormone’.
Hormones are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to activate target cells.
State two advantages and two disadvantages of using the contraceptive pill.
Advantages:
1) The pill is over 99% effective at preventing pregnancy.
2) It reduced the risk of getting some types of cancer.
Disadvantages:
1) It is not 100% effective – there is still a very slight of getting pregnant.
2) It can cause side effects like headaches, nausea, irregular menstrual bleeding and fluid retention.
Briefly describe how IVF is carried out.
IVF involves collecting eggs from the woman’s ovaries and fertilising them in a lab using the man’s sperm. These are then grown into embryo’s.
What is auxin? Explain how auxin causes plant shoots to grow towards the light.
a) Auxin is a plant hormone that controls growth near the tips of shoots and roots.
b) When a shoot tip is exposed to light, more auxin accumulates on the side that is in the shade than the side that is in the light. This makes the cell elongate faster on the shaded side, so the shoot bends towards the light.
Briefly describe how a double blind trial works.
In a double blind trial, the volunteers do not what group they are in and neither do the researchers until the end of the trial.
Describe three opinions about the link between cannabis and hard drug use.
1) Cannabis is a ‘stepping stone’ - The effects of cannabis create a desire to try harder drugs.
2) Cannabis is a ‘gateway drug’ - Cannabis use brings people into contact with drug users.
3) It Is all down to genetics - Certain people are more likely to take drugs generally, so cannabis users will also try other drugs
