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Year 12 > 1A Biological Molecules > Flashcards

1A Biological Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a dipole?

A

a small charge created by uneven distribution of electrons in a covalent bond. Makes a polar molecule.

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2
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

Weak intermolecular bond formed between polar molecules that contain at least one hydrogen atom

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3
Q

Properties of water - cohesive. What does this mean and why is it important?

A

Water molecules stick to each other - important for movement of water through plants

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4
Q

Properties of water - adhesive. What does this mean and why is it important?

A

Water molecules stick to other molecules - important in plant transport and surface tension

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5
Q

Properties of water - liquid. What does this mean and why is it important?

A

Water cannot be compressed - important for hydraulic mechanisms in living organisms

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6
Q

Properties of water - polar molecule. What does this mean and why is it important?

A

Water is polar due to the dipole charges. This makes it a solvent, able to dissolve many different substances

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7
Q

Properties of water - high specific heat capacity. What does this mean and why is this important?

A

It requires a lot of energy to raise the temperature of water. Temperature of large bodies of water remain stable.

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8
Q

Properties of water - density. What does this mean and why is it important?

A

Solid ice is less dense than liquid water - this is unusual and enables ice to float on water, creating an insulating layer for the organisms below

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9
Q

Which end of the water molecule is the positive dipole at?

A

Hydrogen

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10
Q

Which end of the water molecule is the negative dipole at?

A

Oxygen

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11
Q

Which element is found in all organic compounds?

A

Carbon

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12
Q

Which elements are found in a carbohydrate molecule?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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13
Q

What are the 3 main groups of carbohydrate?

A

monosaccharide, disaccharide and polysaccharide

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14
Q

Which carbohydrate molecule is used as an energy source?

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Two monosaccharides are joined by which bond?

A

Glycosidic bond

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16
Q

What type of reaction joins 2 monosaccharides together?

A

Condensation reaction

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17
Q

What type of reaction splits a disaccharide molecule?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

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18
Q

Which reagent is used to test for the presence of reducing sugars, such as glucose?

A

Benedict’s reagent

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19
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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20
Q

Which monosaccharides fuse to make lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

21
Q

Which monosaccharides bond to make sucrose?

A

Glucose and fructose

22
Q

Which monosaccharides bond to make maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

23
Q

What is an oligosaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide made of between 3 and 10 monosaccharides

24
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A polymer made from monosaccharide base units joined together

25
Q

Why do polysaccharides make good storage molecules?

A

They are compact, chemically and physically inactive and they are insoluble

26
Q

Which 2 polysaccharides are found in starch?

A

Amylose and amylopectin

27
Q

Describe the structure of amylose

A

unbranched, long chains of glucose molecules, joined with 1,4 glycosidic bonds, chain forms a spiral

28
Q

Describe the structure of amylopectin

A

branched chains of glucose, joined with 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

29
Q

How do the structures of amylose and amylopectin relate to their function?

A

branches of amylopectin are rapidly broken off to provide energy for respiration, amylose is hydrolysed more slowly, providing energy for longer

30
Q

Describe the structure of glycogen

A

Highly branched glucose chains, joined by 1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bond

31
Q

How is the structure of glycogen related to the function?

A

Many branches (more than starch) can rapidly release glucose for respiration, animals need energy more easily than plants

32
Q

Describe the structure of a triglyceride

A

Three fatty acid chains bonded to one molecule of glycerol

33
Q

What type of reaction joins the fatty acids to the glycerol molecule?

A

Condensation reaction

34
Q

What type of reaction is used to break a triglyceride?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

35
Q

Which type of bond joins a glycerol molecule to fatty acids?

A

Ester bond

36
Q

What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chain?

A

Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one C=C double bond. This makes them “kinked”

37
Q

Which element is present in proteins but not in other organic molecules?

A

Nitrogen

38
Q

What does the R group of an amino acid represent?

A

A variable section that is different for every amino acid

39
Q

What are the 3 main parts of an amino acid?

A

Amine group, carboxyl group and R (variable) group

40
Q

How many different amino acids are there?

A

20

41
Q

What type of reaction joins together 2 amino acids?

A

Condensation reaction

42
Q

What type of reaction separates a dipeptide?

A

Hydrolysis reaction

43
Q

What is the name of the bond that forms between two amino acids?

A

Peptide bond

44
Q

Which reagent is used to identify the presence of a protein? What does a positive result look like?

A

Biuret reagent - turns from blue to purple in the presence of peptide bonds

45
Q

Describe the primary structure of a protein

A

A long chain of amino acids

46
Q

What determines the primary structure of a protein?

A

The sequence of bases in DNA

47
Q

Describe the two secondary structures of a protein.

A

Alpha helix - the long chain of amino acids is coiled into a spiral (helix) with hydrogen bonds holding the shape together.
Beta pleated sheet - long chains are “folded” into a zig-zag shape, with hydrogen bonds holding the parallel chains together.

48
Q

Describe the tertiary structure of a protein

A

In tertiary proteins, the chain of amino acids is folded into a 3D shape. Ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds hold the structure in place.

49
Q

Describe the quaternary structure of a protein

A

Multiple polypeptide chains are joined together, each with their own primary, secondary and tertiary structures. Can be globular or fibrous, may have a prosthetic group - a non-amino acid part (e.g. the iron ion in haemoglobin).

Year 12 (9 decks)

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