1a - Applied Anatony And Physiology

Question 1

What are the six functions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

1. SUPPORT - the bones are solid and rigid. They keep us upright and hold the rest of the body - the muscles and organs - in place
2. PROTECTION - certain parts of the skeleton enclose and protect the body’s organs from external forces eg the brain in the cranium, important in activities which involve contact, such as rugby
3. MOVEMENT - the skeleton helps the body move by providing anchor points for muscles to pull against
4. SHAPE - the skeleton gives us our general shape including height and build
5. MINERAL STORAGE - bone stores several minerals, including calcium and phosphorus, which is released into the blood when needed
6. BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION - the inner marrow of long bones and ribs produce red and white blood cells. Red blood cells provide oxygen for the working muscles, white fight off infections

Question 2

Where can long bones mainly be found and what movement do they help provide?

Answer 2

• Normally found in the legs and arms

- Help with gross movement

Question 3

What is the most common type of joint in the body?

Answer 3

Synovial joints

Question 4

What is the definition of a joint?

Answer 4

Where two or more bones meet

Question 5

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 5

The type of joint commonly found in the limbs

Question 6

What is the cartilage in a synovial joint?

Answer 6

Covers the ends of the bones providing a smooth, friction free surface. Acts as a ‘shock absorber’

Question 7

What does the synovial fluid do?

Answer 7

It is produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint

Question 8

What is the capsule in a synovial joint?

Answer 8

Though fibrous tissue - surrounds the joints; usually supported by ligaments

Question 9

What do ligaments join?

Answer 9

Bone to bone

Question 10

What do tendons join?

Answer 10

Muscles to bone

Question 11

What is the bursae?

Answer 11

Fluid-filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint

Question 12

What is a hinge joint and give examples.

Answer 12

• It is a joint that allows flexion and extension

- eg. elbow, knee, ankle

Question 13

Define flexion

Answer 13

Movement where angle between bones reduces

Question 14

Define extension

Answer 14

Movement where angle between bones increases

Question 15

What bones form the elbow joint?

Answer 15

Humerus, radius, ulna

Question 16

The head-neck joint, how is it made up?

Answer 16

The uppermost of vertebrae join with the cranium to allow a person to nod their head

Question 17

Give 2 examples of ball and socket joints and the movement it allows

Answer 17

• shoulder and hip

- allows many movements - flexion and extension; adduction and abduction; and rotation

Question 18

What bones meet to form the shoulder joint?

Answer 18

Humerus, clavicle and scapula

Question 19

What is the range of movement?

Answer 19

A measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of the different movement allowed

Question 20

Define adduction

Answer 20

Movement where limbs are moved back towards the center line of the body

Question 21

Define abduction

Answer 21

The movement where limbs are moved away from the center line of the body

Question 22

Define rotation

Answer 22

Turning a limb along it’s long axis

Question 23

What bones form the hip joint?

Answer 23

Femur and pelvis

Question 24

What are the crucial ligaments in the knee?

Answer 24

Attach tibia to femur in the knee joint

Question 25

What kind of movement can the ankle joint produce?

Answer 25

• Plantar flexion

- Dorsiflexion

Question 26

Define plantar flexion

Answer 26

Movement at ankle where the toes are pointed away from the shin

Question 27

Define dorsiflexion

Answer 27

Movement at ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee