Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology-core > 1a > Flashcards

1a Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough carbs to…

A

release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough fats to

A

keep warm an release energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough protein

A

for growth, cell repair and cell replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in a balanced diet you need enough fibre

A

to keep everything moving smoothly through your digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in a balanced diet you need tiny amounts of various vitamins and mineral irons to

A

keep your skin, bones, blood and everything else generally healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does malnourished mean

A

a person whose diet is badly out of place is said to be malnourished

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the two main types of pathogen

A

bacteria and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is one property of bacteria

A

they are very small and so can reproduce rapidly inside your body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do bacteria make you feel ill

A

they damage your cells and produce toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how small are bacteria compared to a cell

A

they are 1/100th the size of a body cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how small are viruses compared to bacteria

A

viruses are 1/100th the size of bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do viruses make you feel ill

A

they replicate themselves by invading your cells and using the cells machinery to produce many copies of themselves, the cell will then usually burst, releasing all of the new viruses, this cell damage is what makes you feel ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can white blood cells do when they find pathogens inside your body

A

consume them, produce antibodies ,produce antitoxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

how do white blood cells produce antibodies

A

every invading cell has unique molecules (called antigens) on its surface, when your white blood cells come across a foreign antigen, they will start to produce proteins called antibodies to lock on and kill the invading cells. The antibodies produced are specific to that type of antigen, they wont lock onto any others. Antibodies are then produced rapidly and carried around the body to kill all similar bacteria or viruses, If the person is infected with the same pathogen again the person will be immune.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does a vaccination do

A

it protects the body from future infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe what happens during a vaccination

A

vaccinations involve injecting small amounts of dead or inactive microorganisms. These carry antigens, which cause your body to produce antibodies to attack them, even though the microorganism is harmless because it is dead. For example the MMR vaccine contains wakened versions of the viruses that cause measles, mumps and rubella all in one vaccine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do the white blood cells do when live microorganisms of the same type appear after a vaccination involving dead or inactive microorganisms

A

the white blood cells mass produce antibodies to kill off the pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the pros of vaccinations

A

vaccines have helped control infectious diseases that were once common in the uk, epidemics can be prevented if a large amount of the population are vaccinated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the cons of vaccinations

A

they don’t always work, you can sometimes have side effects and bad reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do painkillers actually o

A

they jus help to reduce the symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what do antibiotic (penicillin) do

A

antibiotics kill or prevent the growth of bacteria causing the problem without killing your own body cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why cant antibiotics destroy viruses

A

because viruses reproduce using your own body cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how can bacteria become resistant to antibiotics

A

bacteria can mutate, sometimes making them resistant to the antibiotic. If you have an infection some of the bacteria might be resistant to antibiotics, this means that only the non resistant strands can be killed when treated. The resistant bacteria survives and reproduces (natural selection), the resistant strain could cause a serious infection which cant be treated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

explain how you can investigate antibiotics by growing microorganisms

A

microorganisms can be grown in a culture medium which is usually agar jelly which contains the necessary requirements for growth. The hot agar jelly is put in a petri dish until it cools, then inculcating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to the culture medium, then the microorganisms multiply. paper disks are then soaked in different types of antibiotics and placed on the jelly, antibiotic resistant bacteria will continue to grow around the discs but non resistant strains will die.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why must equipment be sterilised

A

to prevent contamination and unwanted microorganisms to grow which can affect the outcome of an experiment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

how did semmelweis cut deaths down in hospital

A

by using antiseptic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why is antibiotic resistance becoming more common

A

because we overuse antibiotics allowing bacteria like MRSA to evolve and become resistant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a pandemic

A

when a disease spreads all over the world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what do sense organs do

A

they detect stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is a stimulus

A

a stimulus is a change in your environment which you need to react to e.g. a grizzly bear looking at you

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the five different sense organs

A

eyes ears nose tongue skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what is a receptor

A

a receptor is a group of cells which are sensitive to a stimulus, the change stimulus energy (e.g. light energy) into electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

why is the eye a sense organ

A

because it contains light receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

why is the ear a sense organ

A

because it contains sound receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what type of receptors do the eyes contain

A

light receptors, sensitive to light. These cells have a nucleus, cytoplasm and a cell membrane just like most animal cells

36
Q

what type of receptors do the ears contain

A

sound receptors, sensitive to sound. Also balance receptors which are sensitive to changes in position

37
Q

what type of receptors does the nose contain

A

smell receptors, sensitive to chemical stimuli

38
Q

what type of receptors does the tongue contain

A

taste receptors, sensitive to bitter, salt, sweet and sour plus the taste of savoury things like monosodium glutamate (MSG), chemical stimuli

39
Q

what is the skin sensitive to

A

sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temp change

40
Q

what are sensory neurones

A

they are nerve cells that carry signals as electrical impulses from the receptors in the sense organs to the central nervous system

41
Q

what are relay neurones

A

they are nerve cells that carry signals from sensory neurons to motor neurons

42
Q

what are motor neurones

A

they are the nerve cells that carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector muscles/glands

43
Q

what are effectors

A

muscles and glands are known as effectors, they respond in different ways. Muscles contract in response to a nervous impulse, whereas glands secrete hormones.

44
Q

what is the central nervous system

A

the (CNS) is where all the information from the sense organs s sent, and where reflexes and actions are coordinated. The (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord only

45
Q

what are neurons

A

neurons are nerve cells that transmit the info as electrical impulses very quickly to and from the CNS

46
Q

where is the information that goes to the effectors sent from

A

the CNS

47
Q

what do synapses do

A

they connection between two neurons is called a synapse

48
Q

how is the nerve signal transferred in a synapse

A

the nerve signal Is transferred by chemicals which diffuse (move) across the gap

49
Q

what do the chemicals in a synapse do once transferring the nerve signal

A

the chemicals then set off a new electrical signal in the next neurone

50
Q

give 2 examples of reflexes helping to prevent injury

A

if someone shines a bright light in your eyes, your pupils automatically get smaller so less light gets into the eye preventing the eye from being damaged, also when you get a shock your body releases the hormone adrenaline automatically, it doesn’t wait for you to decide your shocked

51
Q

what is a reflex arc

A

the passage of information in a reflex (from receptor to effector) is called a reflex arc

52
Q

describe the reflex arc when stung by a bee

A

when a stimulus (a bee sting) is detected by a receptor impulses are sent along the sensory neurone to the CNS, when the impulse reaches the synapse between the sensory neurone and the relay neurone chemicals are released along the relay neurone, when the impulses reach a synapse between the relay neurone and the motor neurone more chemicals are released along the motor neurone, then the impulses travel along the motor neurone to the effector, then the muscle contracts moving the hand away from the bee.

53
Q

what is the order of a reflex arc from stimulus to response

A

stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, relay neuron, motor neurone, effector, response.

54
Q

what are hormones

A

they are chemical messengers which travel in the blood to active target cells

55
Q

what does the pituitary gland produce

A

this produces many important hormones including FSH and LH which are involved in the menstrual cycle

56
Q

what do the ovaries produce

A

ovaries produce oestrogen which is involved in the menstrual cycle.

57
Q

why are nerves different to hormones

A

nerves send a very fast message, act for a short time and act on a very precise area (fast, short, precise) whilst hormones carry a slower message, act for a long time and act in a more general way (slower, longer, general)

58
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

the monthly release of an egg from a woman’s ovaries, and the build up and breakdown of the protective lining in the uterus (womb) is called the menstrual cycle

59
Q

what happens at all four stages of the menstrual cycle

A

stage 1: lining of the uterus breaks down(1-4)
stage 2: lining of the uterus builds up(4-14)
stage 3:egg released(14)
stage 4:lining of the uterus breaks down(14-28)

60
Q

what are the 3 main hormones involved n the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, oestrogen and LH

61
Q

what does the hormone FSH do

A

it causes an egg to mature in one of the ovaries, stimulates the ovaries to produce oestogen and is produced by the pituitary gland..

62
Q

what does the hormone oestrogen do

A

it causes pituitary to produce LH, inhibits the furth release of FSH and is produced in the ovaries

63
Q

what does the hormone LH do

A

it stimulates the release of an egg at around the middle of the menstrual cycle and is produced by the pituitary gland

64
Q

what produces progesterone

A

the ovaries

65
Q

how can oestrogen reduce fertility if it can also be used to stimulate the release of eggs

A

if taken on a daily basis the oestrogen levels will be high which prevents the production of FSH

66
Q

how can progesterone reduce fertility

A

it stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus which prevents any sperm getting through and reaching an egg

67
Q

what does the combined oral contraceptive pill contain

A

high levels of oestrogen and progesterone

68
Q

what are the pros of the contraception pill

A

it is 99% effective, reduces the risk of getting some types of cancer

69
Q

what are the cons of the contraceptive

A

it isn’t 100% effective, causes side effects like nausea, headaches, irregular menstrual bleeding and fluids retention, doesn’t protect against STD’s

70
Q

how can hormones be used to increase fertility

A

the hormones FSH and LH can be injected into women to stimulate egg release in their ovaries

71
Q

pros of injecting FSH and LH into a woman with low FSH levels

A

helps lots of women get pregnant when they couldn’t previously

72
Q

cons of injecting FSH and LH into a woman with low FSH levels

A

doesn’t always work, too may eggs could be stimulated which could lead to e.g. triplets

73
Q

what is IVF treatment

A

it is where eggs are collected from the woman’s ovaries and fertilised in a lab growing into embryo’s, then one or two embryo’s are transferred to the woman’s uterus to improve chance of pregnancy. (FSH and LH are given before collection to stimulate egg production)

74
Q

what are the pros of IVF treatment

A

increased chance of pregnancy

75
Q

what are the cons of IVF treatment

A

some women react badly to hormones, reports of increased chance of cancer, multiple birth can occur

76
Q

what is auxin and what does it control

A

auxin is a plant growth hormone that controls growth near the tips, shoots and roots, it controls the growth of a plant in response to light (phototropism), gravity (gravitropism or geotropism) and moisture

77
Q

where is auxin produced and which direction does it move towards

A

auxin is produced in the tips and moves backwards to stimulate the cell elongation (enlargement) process which occurs in the cells just behind the tips

78
Q

explain why shoots grow towards light

A

when a shoots are exposed to light more auxin accumulates on that’s in the shade, this makes the cells grow (elongate) faster on the shaded side bending the shoot to the light

79
Q

explain why shoots grow away from gravity

A

when a shoot is growing sideways gravity produces an uneven distribution of auxin in the tip with more on the lower side allowing it bend upwards because the lower side will grow quicker

80
Q

what happens to the roots if there is more auxin on the lower side of the plant

A

it grows downwards

81
Q

which way do roots grow towards

A

the moisture

82
Q

what is homeostasis

A

It is a process that maintains the stability of the human body’s internal environment in response to changes in external conditions.

83
Q

what 3 ways can water be lost from the body

A

through skin as sweat, via the lungs as breath and via the kidneys as urine

84
Q

what ere the 3 main stages in drug testing

A

drugs are tested on human cells and tissues in the lab, then they are tested on live animals, then they are tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial

85
Q

what is a placebo

A

a sugar pill that looks like the real one but isn’t

86
Q

what effects does smoking have ont he body

A

smoking causes disease of the lungs, heart and blood vessels, tobacco causes cancer, nicotine is the drug found in cigarettes, its addictive so its hard to stop smoking

87
Q

what effects does alcohol have on the body

A

alcohol affects the nervous system and slows down the body’s reactions, too much alcohol leads to impaired judgement, poor coordination and unconsciousness, it can damage the liver and the brain and is addictive

biology-core (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions