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chemistry-core > 1a > Flashcards

1a Flashcards

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1
Q

what charge do protons have

A

a positive charge

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2
Q

what charge do neutrons have

A

neutrons have no charge

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3
Q

what charge do electrons have

A

a negative charge

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4
Q

how do electrons move

A

around the nucleus

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5
Q

what charge do atoms have

A

they have o charge t all they are neutral

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6
Q

the charge on the electrons is the same size as the charge on the protons but opposite, what does this mean

A

this means the number of protons always equals the number of electrons in an atom

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7
Q

if some electrons are added or removed, the atom becomes charged and is then an…

A

ion

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8
Q

in a nucleus what decides what type of atom it is

A

atoms can have different numbers of protons neutrons and electrons but it’s the number of protons which decides what type of atom it is

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9
Q

what is an element

A

a substance which only contains one type of atom

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10
Q

what is a compound

A

a compound is when different elements react which makes atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms(compounds can usually be difficult to separate

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11
Q

what does making bonds involve

A

making bonds involves atoms giving away taking or sharing electrons

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12
Q

what does a compound formed from a metal and non metals consist of

A

ions

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13
Q

the metal atoms llose electrons to form…

A

positive ions

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14
Q

the non metal atoms gain electrons to form…

A

negative ions

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15
Q

if the ions are oppositely chargedthen the ions are…

A

strongly attracted to each other

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16
Q

what is ionic bonding

A

it is a type of chemical bond that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions. These ions represent atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations) and atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as an anion).

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17
Q

what is covalent bonding

A

it is when atoms share there electrons with other atoms

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18
Q

limestone is mainly…

A

calcium carbonate

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19
Q

what is the chemical formulae for limestone

A

CaCO3

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20
Q

what is the word equation for limestone

A

calcium carbonate = calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

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21
Q

what is the chemical equation for limestone

A

CaCO3 = CaO + CO2

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22
Q

what happens when limestone is heated

A

it thermally decomposes to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide

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23
Q

what happens when calcium carbonate reacts with acid

A

it makes calcium salt, carbon dioxide and water

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24
Q

what do yu get when you add water to calcium oxide

A

you get calcium hydroxide

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25
Q

what’s special about calcium hydroxide

A

its an alkali which can be used to neutralise acidic soil in fields, it also works much faster than powdered limestone

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26
Q

what can calcium hydroxide be used to test for

A

carbon dioxide

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27
Q

how do u test for carbon dioxide

A

by making a solution of carbon hydroxide in water(called limewater), if the water turns cloudy then carbon dioxide is present

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28
Q

how to make cement using limestone

A

if you heat powdered limestone in a kiln with powdered clay cement is made

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29
Q

if you mix cement with sand and water what do you get

A

mortar

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30
Q

how do you make concrete

A

you can mix cement with sand and aggregate(water and gravel) to make concrete

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31
Q

5 disadvantages of quarrying

A

it makes huge ugly hole in the landscape, explosions can make lots of noise and can create dust to gather in scenic areas, destroys habitats, the limestone needs to be transported away which makes lots of noise and causes pollution, waste materials produce unsightly tips.

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32
Q

5 advantages of using limestone

A

provides houses, roads , dyes, paints and medicines, neutralises acidic soil and acid rain in rivers, used in chimneys to neutralise sulfur dioxide, leads to jobs in quarry’s and fixing roads etc, once quarrying is finished it is required that the landscape must be restored.

33
Q

(dis)advantages of limestone products

A

used as building materials, cheap and easy to cut, hard wearing but still looks attractive, quick and easy way to construct buildings but it shows, concrete and cement don’t rot and fire resistant, concrete doesn’t corrode but can crack

34
Q

what is a metal ore

A

its a rock which contains enough metal to make it worth extracting

35
Q

what other factor apart from having enough of a metal could make it worth extracting

A

if the price for the metal goes up then it could be worth extracting and vice versa

36
Q

what is the term used to describe a metal being extracted from its ore chemically using carbon

A

reduction

37
Q

when an ore is reduced what is removed from it

A

oxygen

38
Q

what’s the difference between metals above and below carbon in the reactive series

A

metals higher than carbon in the reactive series have to e extracted using electrolysis, which is expensive whilst the metals that are below carbon in the reactive series can be extracted by reduction using carbon.

39
Q

what is smelting

A

it is when an ore of the metal is heated in a furnace

40
Q

how can electrolysis be used when the metals are below copper in the reactive series

A

when metals are extracted through reduction using carbon, the metals that are produced are impure e.g. it make copper not very good a t conducting electricity. A lot of copper is used to make electrical wiring and so electrolysis can be used to purify a metal, even though it is quite expensive.

41
Q

what is electrolysis

A

the breaking down of a substance using electricity

42
Q

what is an electrolyte

A

a liquid required to conduct the electricity in electrolysis

43
Q

the electrolytes have free ions, what do these do

A

they conduct electricity and allow electrolysis to work

44
Q

if you put a reactive metal into a solution of a dissolved metal compound what happens

A

the reactive metal will replace the less reactive metal in the compound(displacement)

45
Q

why do more reactive meals displace less reactive metals

A

because the more reactive metal bonds more strongly to the non metal bit in a compound and pushes out the less reactive metal

46
Q

what is bioleaching

A

this uses bacteria to separate copper from copper sulphide. the bacteria gets energy from the bond between copper and sulfur, separating out the copper from the ore in the process. the leachate (the solution produced by the process) contains copper, which can be extracted by filtering

47
Q

what is phytomining

A

this involves growing plants in soil that contains copper, the plants cant use or get rid of the copper so it gradually builds up in the leaves, the crops can be harvested, dried and burned in a furnace and can be collected in the ashes

48
Q

what are the properties of copper

A

copper is a good conductor of electricity, so its ideal for drawing out into electrical wires. its hard and strong but can be bent and it doesn’t react with water

49
Q

what are the properties of alliminium

A

aluminium is corrosion resistant and has a low density. Pure aluminium isn’t particularly strong but it forms hard, strong alloys

50
Q

propertiesof titanium

A

titanium is another low density metal. Unlike aluminium its very strong. It is also corrosion resistant.

51
Q

what is an alloy

A

an alloy is when you mix two or more metals to produce desired properties to have a specific purpose

52
Q

what is the process for converting iron to steel

A

iron has a regular arrangement of identical atoms so the layers of atoms can slide over each other which makes iron soft and easily shaped. This iron is too bendy for most uses. So then the iron is converted to steel which makes it an alloy. steels are formed by adding small amounts of carbon and sometimes other metals to iron to form an ally. Different size elements have different size atoms and so when an element such as carbon is added to iron, the smaller carbon atoms will upset the layers of the pure iron atoms, making it making it more difficult for the atoms to slide over each other, so alloys are harder.

53
Q

how is crude oil formed

A

it is formed from the buried remains of plants and animals, its a fossil fuel

54
Q

what is a hydrocarbon

A

hydrocarbons are basically fuels such as petrol and diesel, they are made of hydrogen and carbon

55
Q

how can crude oil be separated

A

crude oil can be split up into its separate fractions by fractional distillation.

56
Q

all the fractions of crude oil are hydrocarbons called

A

alkanes

57
Q

what are alkanes made up of

A

they are made up of a chain of carbon atoms surrounded by hydrogen atoms

58
Q

what is the formulae for methane

A

CH4

59
Q

what is the formulae for ethane

A

C2H6

60
Q

what is the formulae for propane

A

C3H8

61
Q

what is the formulae for butane

A

C4H10

62
Q

how many bonds do carbon and hydrogen atoms form

A

carbon forms 4 bonds and hydrogen forms 1 bond

63
Q

what is the general formulae for alkanes

A

C(n)H(2n+2)

64
Q

the_________ the molecules, the______ runny the hydrocarbon is (that is the less viscous it it)

A

the shorter the molecules, the more runny the hydrocarbon is (that is the less viscous it it)

65
Q

the _______ the molecules the _______ volatile they are

A

the shorter the molecules the more volatile they are

66
Q

what does more volatile mean

A

… means they turn into a gas at a lower temperature

67
Q

the ________ the molecules the ______ flammable the hydrocarbon is

A

the shorter the molecules the more flammable the hydrocarbon is

68
Q

why is crude oil burnt

A

to release all of the energy inside of it

69
Q

during combustion, the carbon and hydrogen are oxidised so that carbon dioxide and water vapour are released into the atmosphere. Energy (heat) is also produced, what is the word equation

A

hydrocarbon + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water vapour

70
Q

if the fuel contains sulphur impurities what is produced

A

sulphur dioxide

71
Q

if the fuel burns at a high temperature what gas is also produced

A

nitrogen

72
Q

what is complete combustion

A

when there is a lot of oxygen and all of the fuel burns

73
Q

what is partial combustion

A

when there is not enough oxygen so some of the fuel doesn’t burn which can produce carbon monoxide which is a poisonous gas

74
Q

how does acid rain get produced

A

sulphur dioxide goes up and into the atmosphere from factories and fuel emissions and then mixes with the clouds to form sulphuric acid which then falls as acid rain

75
Q

what is global dimming

A

global dimming is where less sunlight is reaching the surface of the earth which is caused by particles of soot and ash that are produced when fossil fuels are burnt. the particles reflect sunlight back into space

76
Q

how can ethanol be produced

A

ethanol can be produced from plant material so is known as a biofuel made from fermentation of plants

77
Q

how is biodiesel produced

A

biodesiel is another typer of biofuel, iot can be produced from vegetable oils such as rapeseed oil and soybean oil

78
Q

how do you get hydrogen gas

A

you get hydrogen gas from the electrolysis of water

chemistry-core (2 decks)

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