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1A: Flashcards

1
Q

Co

A

two similar things together

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2
Q

Ad

A

two different things together

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3
Q

Anion

A

a negative ion

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4
Q

Cation

A

a positive ion

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5
Q

Ionic bonds

A

bonds formed when atoms give or receive electrons, they result in charged particles called ions

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6
Q

Covalent bonds

A

bonds formed when atoms share electrons; covalent molecules may be polar if the electrons are not shared equally

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7
Q

Dipole

A

the seperation of charge in a molecule when the electrons in covalent bonds are not evenly shared

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8
Q

Polar molecule

A

a molecule containing a dipole

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9
Q

Dissociation

A

the splitting of a molecule into smaller molecules, atoms or ions, especially by a reversible process

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10
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak electrostatic intermolecular bonds formed between polar molecules containing at least one hydrogen atom

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11
Q

Monomer

A

a small molecule that is a single unit of a larger molecule called a polymer

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12
Q

Polymer

A

a long-chain molecule made up of many smaller, repeating monomer units joined together by chemical bonds

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13
Q

Macromolecule

A

a very large molecule often formed by polymerisation

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14
Q

Starch

A

a long-chain polymer formed of glucose monomers

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15
Q

Sucrose

A

a sweet-tasting disaccharide formed by the joining of glucose and fructose by a 1,4-glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Glucose

A

a hexose sugar

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17
Q

Monosaccharide

A

a single sugar monomer

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18
Q

Disaccharide

A

a sugar made up of two monosaccharide units joined by a glycosidic bonds, formed in a condensation reaction

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19
Q

Polysaccharide

A

a polymer consisting of long chains of monosaccharide units joined by glycosidic bonds

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20
Q

Triose sugar

A

a sugar with three carbon atoms

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21
Q

Pentose sugar

A

a sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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22
Q

Ribose

A

a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of RNA

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23
Q

Deoxyribose

A

a pentose sugar that is part of the structure of DNA

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24
Q

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a nucleic acid that is the genetic material in many organisms

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25
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
a nucleic acid which is the genetic material in some organisms and is involved in protein synthesis
26
Hexose sugar
sugar with 6 carbon atoms
27
Isomers
molecules that have the same chemical formula, but different molecular structures
28
Condensation reaction
a reaction in which a molecule of water is removed from the reacting moleules, as a bond is formed between them
29
Glycosidic bond
a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides in a condensation reaction, which can be broken down by a hydrolysis reaction to release the monosaccharide units
30
Reducing sugars
sugars that react with blue Benedict's solution and reduce the copper (II) ions to copper (I) ions, giving an orangey-red preciptate -> has an OH group -> can reduce compounds
31
Non-reducing sugars
sugars that do not react with Benedict's solution -> no OH group -> cannot reduce other compounds
32
Oligosaccharides
molecules with between 3-10 monosaccharide units
33
Hydrolysis
a reaction in which bonds are broken by the addition of a molecule of water
34
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
the molecule that acts as a universal energy supply molecule in all cells
35
End products
the final products of a chemical reaction
36
Amylose
a complex carbohydrate containing only a- glucose monomers joined together by 1,4-glycosidic bonds, so the molecules form long unbranched chains
37
Amylopectin
a complex carbohydrate made up of a- glucose monomers joined by 1,4- glycosidic bonds with some 1,6-glycosidic bonds, so the molecules branch repeatedly
38
Glycogen
a complex carbohydrate with many a-glucose units joined by 1,4-glycosidic bonds with many 1,6- glycosidic bonds, giving it many side branches
39
Lipids
a large family of organic molecules that are important in cell membranes and as an energy store in many organisms; they include triglycerides, phospholipids and steroids
40
Fatty acids
organic acids with a long hydrocarbons chain
41
Glycerol (propane-1,2,3-triol)
an important component of triglycerides
42
Ester bonds
bonds formed in a condensation reaction between the carboxyl group (-COOH) of a fatty acid and one o the hydroxyl groups (-OH) of glycerol
43
Saturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which each carbon atom is joined to the one next to it in the hydrocarbon chain by a single covalent bond
44
Unsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid in which the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain have one or more double covalent bonds in them
45
Monounsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid with only one double covalent bond between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
46
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
a fatty acid with two or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain
47
Esterification
the process by which ester bonds are made
48
Haemoglobin
a red pigment that carries oxygen and gives the erythrocytes their colour
49
Amino acids
the building blocks of proteins consisting of an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (-COOH) attached to a carbon atom and an R group that varies between amino acids
50
Peptide bond
the bond formed by condensation reactions between amino acids
51
Dipeptide
two amino acids joined by a peptide bond
52
Polypeptide
a long chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
53
Disulfide bond
a strong covalent bond produced by an oxidation reaction between sulfur drops in cysteine or methionine molecules, which are close together in the structure of a polypeptide
54
Fibrous proteins
proteins that have long, parallel polypeptide chains with occasional cross-linkages that produce fibers; they have little tertiary structure
55
Denaturation
the loss of the 3D shape of a protein (e.g. caused by changes in temperature or pH)
56
Collagen
a strong fibrous protein with a triple helix structure
57
Globular proteins
large proteins with complex tertiary and sometimes quaternary structures, folded into spherical (globular) shapes
58
Hydrophobic
a substance that tends to repel water and that will not mix with or dissolve in water
59
Hydrophilic
a substance with an affinity for water that will readily dissolve in or mix with water
60
Colloid
a suspension of molecules that are not fully dissolved
61
Prosthetic group
the molecules incorporated in a conjugated protein
62
Conjugated proteins
protein molecules joined with or conjugated to another molecule called a prosthetic group -> (polypeptide+prosthetic)
63
Lipoproteins
conjugated proteins with a lipid prosthetic group
64
Glycoproteins
conjugated proteins with a carbohydrate prosthetic group
65
Proteases
protein-digesting enzymes

Biology AS (2 decks)

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