1A

Question 1

Examples of dietary nutrients that are not absorbed directly into the enterohepatic portal blood system include:

a. amino acids.
b. medium-chain fatty acids.
c. monosaccharides.
d. long-chain fatty acids.

Answer 1

d. long-chain fatty acids.

Question 2

The hormone responsible for the decrease in gastrointestinal smooth muscle tone and motility during pregnancy is:

a. estrogen.
b. progesterone.
c. placental lactogen.
d. human chorionic ghonadotropin.

Answer 2

b. progesterone.

Question 3

The ingestion of a meal containing large amounts of saturated fat will result in a transient increase in the serum concentration of:

a. chylomicrons.
b. low-density lipoproteins.
c.high-density lipoproteins.
d. micelles.

Answer 3

a. chylomicrons.

Question 4

The product of enterokinase reactions is:

a. trypsin.
b. chymotrypsin.
c. pepsin.
d. carboxypeptidase.

Answer 4

a. trypsin.

Question 5

Most iron is transported in the blood via the plasma carrier:

a. heme.
b. ferritin.
c. transferrin.
d. albumin.

Answer 5

c. transferrin.

Question 6

The organs most active in the synthesis of endogenous cholesterol are the liver and the:

a. gallbladder.
b. pancreas.
c. adrenal glands.
d. intestinal mucosa.

Answer 6

d. intestinal mucosa.

Question 7

Lactulose is a carbohydrate that is:

a. absorbed in the small intestine.
b. absorbed in the large intestine.
c. a nonabsorbable laxative.
d. not found in the human diet.

Answer 7

c. a nonabsorbable laxative.

Question 8

Digested dietary protein is absorbed primarily in the:

a. stomach.
b. duodenum.
c. jejunum.
d. ileum.

Answer 8

c. jejunum.

Question 9

Monosaccharides are transported across the placenta from the maternal circulation to the fetal circulation by the process of:

a. simple diffusion.
b. facilitated diffusion.
c. active transport.
d. pinocytosis.

Answer 9

b. facilitated diffusion.

Question 10

If a bolus containing 600 mOsm/L enters the jejunum, the net direction of fluid movement in the intestinal tract will be:

a. from the intestinal lumen to the circulation.
b. from the circulation to the intestinal lumen.
c. longitudinally along the mucosal basement membrane.
d. from the circulation to the lymphoid system.

Answer 10

b. from the circulation to the intestinal lumen.

Question 11

Excessive production of gas within the intestines may be caused by excessive colonic bacterial fermentation of unabsorbed:

a. gluten.
b. small peptides.
c. lignin.
d. carbohydrates.

Answer 11

d. carbohydrates.

Question 12

A major intracellular antioxidant is the nutrient:

a. vitamin A.
b. thiamin.
c. glutathione.
d. ascorbic acid

Answer 12

c. glutathione.

Question 13

A required prerequisite to the digestion of proteins is the HCl-dependent process called:

a. hydrolysis.
B. evaporation.
c. denaturation.
d. distillation.

Answer 13

c. denaturation.

Question 14

The true digestibility of dietary fatty acids is:

a. 65% to 75%.
b. 75% to 85%.
c. 85% to 95%.
d. > 95%.

Answer 14

d. > 95%.

Question 15

The structures of linoleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid differ in their:

a. chain lengths.
b. double bond positions.
c. numbers of double bonds.
d. side chain moieties.

Answer 15

c. numbers of double bonds.

Question 16

An example of a compound that is not considered to be a component of dietary fiber is:

a. pectin.
b. hemicellulose.
c. amylose.
d. cellulose.

Answer 16

c. amylose.

Question 17

Dietary fats and oils primarily are composed of:

a. triglycerides.
b. polyunsaturated fatty acids.
c. saturated fatty acids.
d. monounsaturated fatty acids.

Answer 17

a. triglycerides.

Question 18

A nutrient is considered to be conditionally essential when:

a. it cannot be replaced by a metabolic precursor.
b. it is malabsorbed.
c. its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs.
d. it requires a second essential nutrient to be effective.

Answer 18

c. its endogenous production becomes insufficient to satisfy needs.

Question 19

Vitamin reserves can become depleted because all vitamins are:

a. synthesized inefficiently.
b. essential nutrients.
c. metabolized quickly.
d. excreted rapidly.

Answer 19

b. essential nutrients.

Question 20

The process of adding a nutrient to manufactured foods as a public health measure is called:

a. restoration.
b. enrichment.
c. fortification.
d. supplementation.

Answer 20

c. fortification.

Question 21

Food additives can be used:

a. as effective preservatives.
b. without restriction.
c. to compensate for improper processing practices.
d. without risk.

Answer 21

a. as effective preservatives.

Question 22

Nutrification is the:

a. addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group.
b. specific addition of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and iron to white flour.
c. structural modification of complex carbohydrates.
d. addition of at least 25% of the RDA of a nutrient to a food product that has been designed to replace a meal or food item.

Answer 22

a. addition of a nutrient to a food in order to assure the distribution of that nutrient to a target population group.

Question 23

Ketones result from the metabolism of:

a. fatty acids.
b. simple sugars.
c. amino acids.
d. complex carbohydrates.

Answer 23

a. fatty acids.

Question 24

The plasmalemma does not incorporate:

a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin E.
c. cholesterol.
d. phospholipids.

Answer 24

a. vitamin A.

Question 25

The failure of a tissue or organ to develop properly is called:

a. neoplasia.
b. aplasia.
c. hyperplasia.
d. atrophy.

Answer 25

b. aplasia.

Question 26

Glutamine is the primary energy source for the:

a. liver.
b. heart.
c. small intestine.
d. brain.

Answer 26

c. small intestine.

Question 27

The metabolic effects of insulin include stimulation of:

a. adipocyte secretion of non-esterified fatty acids.
b. myocyte amino acid uptake.
c. hepatocyte gluconeogenesis.
d. myocyte glycogenesis.

Answer 27

b. myocyte amino acid uptake.

Question 28

The most common skeletal complication of chronic renal failure is:

a. hyperostosis.
b. osteoporosis.
c. rickets.
d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 28

d. secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Question 29

Most circulating cholesterol is eliminated from the body after metabolism to:

a. lipoproteins.
b. phospholipids.
c. fecal fat.
d. bile acids.

Answer 29

d. bile acids.

Question 30

Vitamin B12 is a required cofactor in the biochemical pathway through which glucose is produced from the amino acid:

a. alanine.
b. valine.
c. methionine.
d. tyrosine.

Answer 30

b. valine.

Question 31

Copper is a component of:

a. alkaline phosphatase.
b. glycosyl transferase.
c. ceruloplasmin.
d. glucose tolerance factor.

Answer 31

c. ceruloplasmin.

Question 32

The decarboxylation of pyruvate involves a sequence of reactions that require, as coenzymes, the four vitamins:

a. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin and vitamin B12.
b. thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin B12.
c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.
d. biotin, niacin, pantothenic acid and vitamin B12

Answer 32

c. thiamin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and niacin.

Question 33

The size of the free amino acid pool in the human body is regulated by the rate of:

a. oxidation of amino acids
b. synthesis of nonessential amino acids
c. urinary excretion of amino acids.
d. skeletal collagen metabolism.

Answer 33

a. oxidation of amino acids

Question 34

During maximal aerobic exercise, the primary energy source is:

a. fatty acids
b. Lactate
c. glycogen.
d. glucose.

Answer 34

a. fatty acids