19th-Century Philosophy and Science, Imperialism, and World War I Flashcards
These are organized associations of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.
labor unions
This was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, historian, political theorist, and journalist. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883).
Karl Marx
This is the negotiation of employment terms between an employer and a group of workers. Employees are normally represented by a labor union.
collective bargaining
This is an 1848 pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism’s potential future forms
Communist Manifesto
This is the term often used to describe the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought. It is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies.
utopian socialism
This was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first ever vaccine.
Edward Jenner
This was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
Charles Darwin
This is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.
electromagnetic spectrum
This is a physical theory describing the motion of macroscopic objects. For objects governed by these theories, it is possible to predict how it will move in the future (determinism), and how it has moved in the past (reversibility).
classical mechanics
This is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.
natural selection
This is the field of study regarding bacteria.
Bacteriology
This is the Marxist phase which predicts the control of the means of production by a dictatorship of the state which, in theory, would temporarily hold and regulate production and property.
socialist phase
This is the Marxist phase which predicts the elimination of all private property, including national borders, and the property-less existence of independent communes predicated on common ownership.
Communist Phase
This is the Marxist phase which predicts the rising of the proletariat (working class) and violent overthrow of the ruling bourgeoisie (middle class) and seizure of the means of production
Revolutionary Phase
This a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.
Louis Pasteur
This was a new field of study which took a scientific approach to understanding the internal processes and behavior of humans.
psychology
This is a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata in time.
geological time
This term characterizes a period of colonial and imperial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
New Imperialism
There were two wars waged between the Qing dynasty and Western powers in the mid-19th century over the controversial sale of specific narcotics.
Opium Wars
This was a meeting of major European powers (and the United States) which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.
Berlin Conference
This was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.
British Raj
This was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914).
Scramble for Africa
This was the term used to describe a coalition of countries led by France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States during the First World War.
Allied Powers of World War I
This is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines largely comprising military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy’s small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.
trench warfare
This was one of the two main coalitions that fought World War I (1914–18). It consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.
Central Powers
This was a brief crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in April 1911 and the deployment of a German gunboat to an Atlantic port in North Africa.
Second Moroccan Crisis
This was a name given to an army deployment plan for a war-winning offensive against the French Third Republic. German forces were to invade France through the Netherlands and Belgium rather than across the common border.
Schlieffen Plan
This Allied Power of World War I surrendered to Germany due to internal pressure and revolution.
Russian Empire
This Allied Power of World War I joined the conflict in 1917 due to German unrestricted submarine warfare and the intercepted Zimmerman telegram.
United States
This was another name for the October Revolution in Russia in which communist party members seized power with the local Soviets and began the world’s first socialist state.
Bolshevik Revolution
This was this influential speech given by Woodrow Wilson that called for, among other things, an international peace-keeping organization, free trade, and self-determination.
Fourteen Points
This was a new industrial weapon that changed offensive warfare and forced traditional field warfare to take a more defensive approach to protect troops.
machine guns
This was an American invention and obstacle that aided defensive trench lines and made it more difficult for offensive forces to overwhelm an enemy trench.
barbed wire
This was a nation state which rapidly industrialized and formed an imperial empire in the late-19th and early-20th centuries following its humiliation at the hands of Western imperialists in 1853-1854.
Japan
