19th-Century Philosophy and Science, Imperialism, and World War I

Question 1

These are organized associations of workers, often in a trade or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Answer 1

labor unions

Question 2

This was a German philosopher, critic of political economy, historian, political theorist, and journalist. His best-known titles are the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto and the three-volume Das Kapital (1867–1883).

Answer 2

Karl Marx

Question 3

This is the negotiation of employment terms between an employer and a group of workers. Employees are normally represented by a labor union.

Answer 3

collective bargaining

Question 4

This is an 1848 pamphlet by German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. It presents an analytical approach to the class struggle and the conflicts of capitalism and the capitalist mode of production, rather than a prediction of communism’s potential future forms

Answer 4

Communist Manifesto

Question 5

This is the term often used to describe the first current of modern socialism and socialist thought. It is often described as the presentation of visions and outlines for imaginary or futuristic ideal societies.

Answer 5

utopian socialism

Question 6

This was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines including creating the smallpox vaccine, the world’s first ever vaccine.

Answer 6

Edward Jenner

Question 7

This was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.

Answer 7

Charles Darwin

Question 8

This is the range of frequencies of electromagnetic radiation and their respective wavelengths and photon energies.

Answer 8

electromagnetic spectrum

Question 9

This is a physical theory describing the motion of macroscopic objects. For objects governed by these theories, it is possible to predict how it will move in the future (determinism), and how it has moved in the past (reversibility).

Answer 9

classical mechanics

Question 10

This is the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in phenotype. It is a key mechanism of evolution, the change in the heritable traits characteristic of a population over generations.

Answer 10

natural selection

Question 11

This is the field of study regarding bacteria.

Answer 11

Bacteriology

Question 12

This is the Marxist phase which predicts the control of the means of production by a dictatorship of the state which, in theory, would temporarily hold and regulate production and property.

Answer 12

socialist phase

Question 13

This is the Marxist phase which predicts the elimination of all private property, including national borders, and the property-less existence of independent communes predicated on common ownership.

Answer 13

Communist Phase

Question 14

This is the Marxist phase which predicts the rising of the proletariat (working class) and violent overthrow of the ruling bourgeoisie (middle class) and seizure of the means of production

Answer 14

Revolutionary Phase

Question 15

This a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation, and pasteurization.

Answer 15

Louis Pasteur

Question 16

This was a new field of study which took a scientific approach to understanding the internal processes and behavior of humans.

Answer 16

psychology

Question 17

This is a system of chronological dating that classifies geological strata in time.

Answer 17

geological time

Question 18

This term characterizes a period of colonial and imperial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Answer 18

New Imperialism

Question 19

There were two wars waged between the Qing dynasty and Western powers in the mid-19th century over the controversial sale of specific narcotics.

Answer 19

Opium Wars

Question 20

This was a meeting of major European powers (and the United States) which regulated European colonization and trade in Africa during the New Imperialism period.

Answer 20

Berlin Conference

Question 21

This was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.

Answer 21

British Raj

Question 22

This was the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of most of Africa by seven Western European powers during a short period known to historians as the New Imperialism (between 1881 and 1914).

Answer 22

Scramble for Africa

Question 23

This was the term used to describe a coalition of countries led by France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, and the United States during the First World War.

Answer 23

Allied Powers of World War I

Question 24

This is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines largely comprising military trenches, in which troops are well-protected from the enemy’s small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery.

Answer 24

trench warfare

Question 25

This was one of the two main coalitions that fought World War I (1914–18). It consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria.

Answer 25

Central Powers

Question 26

This was a brief crisis sparked by the deployment of a substantial force of French troops in April 1911 and the deployment of a German gunboat to an Atlantic port in North Africa.

Answer 26

Second Moroccan Crisis

Question 27

This was a name given to an army deployment plan for a war-winning offensive against the French Third Republic. German forces were to invade France through the Netherlands and Belgium rather than across the common border.

Answer 27

Schlieffen Plan

Question 28

This Allied Power of World War I surrendered to Germany due to internal pressure and revolution.

Answer 28

Russian Empire

Question 29

This Allied Power of World War I joined the conflict in 1917 due to German unrestricted submarine warfare and the intercepted Zimmerman telegram.

Answer 29

United States

Question 30

This was another name for the October Revolution in Russia in which communist party members seized power with the local Soviets and began the world’s first socialist state.

Answer 30

Bolshevik Revolution

Question 31

This was this influential speech given by Woodrow Wilson that called for, among other things, an international peace-keeping organization, free trade, and self-determination.

Answer 31

Fourteen Points

Question 32

This was a new industrial weapon that changed offensive warfare and forced traditional field warfare to take a more defensive approach to protect troops.

Answer 32

machine guns

Question 33

This was an American invention and obstacle that aided defensive trench lines and made it more difficult for offensive forces to overwhelm an enemy trench.

Answer 33

barbed wire

Question 34

This was a nation state which rapidly industrialized and formed an imperial empire in the late-19th and early-20th centuries following its humiliation at the hands of Western imperialists in 1853-1854.

Answer 34

Japan