19th Century Philippines as Rizal's Context Flashcards
- was the era of challenges and responses
- It is the period of major changes that affect man & society
19th Century
19th century is also called
Age of Enlightenment
the struggle of nationalism
Political Context
What is under the political context?
- The French Revolution
- American Civil War
in Spain there was the split among the intellectuals into the irreconcilable camps, the Conversativesand the Liberals, neither of which advantage adequate practical solutions to end all strives
Conservatism vs. Liberalism
two irreconcilable camps
Conservatives and Liberals
rule of the friars
Frailocracy
this generally applied to the extraordinary transformation in the method of: production, transportation, and communication through the substitution of the manual labor to machine
Industrialization
- encomienda and hacienda systems
- Labor systems developed by Spain granting large amount of land to settlers in the Americas and claiming ownership of all of the resources
and of the natives - The encomienda and hacienda systems developed an exchange among the natives for work in return of protection and education
Encomienda to Hacienda
- was the main source of income for the colony during its early years
- brought silver from New Spain and silk from China by way of Manila
- This way, the Philippines earned its income through buy and sell – that is, they bought American silver for resale to China
Galleon Trade
Galleon Trade service was inaugurated in _____ and continued into the _____
1565; early 19th century
from and to where is Galleon Trade
Manila - Acapulo
privilege of provincial governors to engagein and monopolize trade
INDULTO DE COMERCIO
Spanish of forced labor
Polo y servicio
- Is the forced labor for 40 days of men ranging from 16-60 years of age who were obligated to give personal services to community projects
Forced Labor
One could be exempted from polo y servicio by paying the _____, a daily fine of one and a half real
falla
When and how many days labor was reduced
1884; 15 days
The polo system was patterned after the Mexican repartimento
selection of forced labor
to support the colony, several forms of taxes and monopolies were imposed
Taxation
is the payment of the 10% of an individual’s annual income to the government
tithe
is the tax being paid as support to the church
sanctorum
- is the tax or rent given to the landlord a resident is under
- It may be in cash or in kind (tobacco, chickens, produce, gold, blankets,
cotton, rice, etc. depending on the region of the country)
tribute (buwis)
tribute (buwis) is fixed at _____ and later increased to _____
8 reals; 15 reals
related to the different groups of people in society and their habits, traditions, and beliefs
sociocultural context
- the year Spain realized the need of establishing a system of public education for the indios
- this was also the year that Gov. Gen Crespo organized a Commission and recommended remedial measures to improve elementary education
1855
the year Commission completed its report and forwarded it to Spain
1861
the year Commission completed its report and forwarded it to Spain
1863
PROVISIONS OF EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863
- Establishments of Teacher Training School.
- Government supervises the public school system.
- Use of Spanish as medium of instruction in all schools.
- Establishment of one primary schools for boys and for girls in each of major town.
DEFECTS OF EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING SPANISH TIME
- Emphasis on Religion
- Absence of Academic Freedom
- Racial Discrimination
- Limited curriculum
- Fear of God was emphasized.
- Obedience to friars was instilled in the mind of the people.
- Indios were constantly reminded that they have inferior intelligence and were fit for manual labor only.
- Will of God was also emphasized
Emphasis on Religion
- Most schools were not opened to the natives.
- Students were not allowed to express their opinion
Absence of Academic Freedom
- prior to educational decree of 1863, the schools were not opened to the natives.
- Spaniards hesitated to consider the indios as educable as themselves.
Racial Discrimination
- Education was limited to the 3Rs, that is, Reading, Writing and Arithmetic
Limited curriculum
3Rs of education during the spanish time
Reading, Writing, and Arithmetic
instability of colonial administration
Evil of the Unjust Colonial Power
evils of an unjust, bigoted, and deteriorating colonial power:
- Evil of the Unjust Colonial Power
- Corrupt Officialdom
- No Philippine representation in the Spain Cortes
- Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
- No Equality Before the Law
- Maladministration of JusticeP
- Racial Discrimination
- Frailocracy
- Forced Labor or “Polo Y Servicios
- Haciendas Owned by the Friars
- The Guardia Civil
