19th Century -Isms

Question 1

NATIONALISM

Answer 1

The idea that members of a shared community called a “nation”
should have sovereignty within the borders of their state.
(People who, in theory if not always practice, share a common
language, culture, and history.)

Question 2

LIBERALISM

Answer 2

Political and social theory that advocates representative government,
free trade, and freedom of speech and religion.
The consent of people and protection of rights like life, liberty and property. The government in power should make decisions based on the citizens’ judgment. Natural and Individual rights; rights are natural and held by individuals. John Locke: Life, liberty and property.

Supports Capitalism

Question 3

LIBERALISM
(CLASSICAL)

Answer 3

Earliest interpretation of Liberalism, which views GOVERNMENT as the
greatest threat to individual freedom.

Question 4

LIBERALISM
(MODERN)

Answer 4

Post-Industrial Revolution version of Liberalism, which views
unregulated BUSINESS INTERESTS, especially CORPORATIONS, as the
greatest threat to individual freedom. Government is often viewed as a
guardian against such exploitation through regulation.

Question 5

CAPITALISM

Answer 5

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the
means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and
maintained chiefly by private individuals and corporations, especially as
contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth. An
important element is that “the (free) market” determines prices.

The people own and operate the means of production

Question 6

LAISSEZ-FAIRE

Answer 6

The concept that the economy works best when it is left alone – that is,
when the state does not regulate or interfere with the workings of the
market.

Question 7

CONSERVATISM

Answer 7

The general attitude that change must always begin with what came
before and is most successful when it works gradually from that
tradition rather than being imposed from outside according to abstract
theories or texts.

Question 8

SOCIALISM

Answer 8

A social and governmental system that pursues social and economic equality and that requires government intervention in economic affairs.
Socialism differs from Communism in some critical ways, such as: it works within
existing democratic governments; it pursues social reforms through wealth
redistribution but also rewards individual effort and innovation; and it can exist
alongside a capitalist economy.

Government owns and operates means of production

Question 8

COMMUNISM

Answer 8

An economic and political system under which there is no private property. A
central government controls all aspects of economic production (including
employment), and is responsible to distributing basic necessities, such as food,
housing, medical care, and education.
Communism views the violent overthrow of the middle and upper classes by
the working class as inevitable and essential.

Question 9

DOMESTICITY

Answer 9

Idea common in the middle and upper classes that females needed to be protected from the sphere of work and were more properly central
to running the home. It valued women for purity, religious piety, and
submissiveness.

Maternal Feminism: More jobs are allowed like teaching and they get domain over household. Separate but equal.

Question 9

FEMINISM

Answer 9

Idea that calls for equal treatment for men and women, such as equal
pay, opportunities for advancement, and political representation.

Question 10

GLOBALIZATION

Answer 10

The development of increasingly interconnected worldwide cultural and
economic structures.

Question 10

IMPERIALISM

Answer 10

The acquisition of new territories by a state and the incorporation of
them into a political system as subordinate colonies.

Question 11

INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION

Answer 11

Gradual accumulation and diffusion of old and new technical knowledge
that led to major economic changes in Britain, northwestern Europe,
and North America, catapulting these regions ahead of the rest of the
world in manufacturing and agricultural output and standards of living.

Question 12

NEOCLASSICISM

Answer 12

Artistic movement of the late 18 th through early 19th century that
emphasized ancient Greco-Roman themes (e.g., patriotism, heroic
leadership) and style

Question 13

ROMANTICISM

Answer 13

A movement in art and literature that ran from the late 18th century through the
19th century as a reaction against the love of reason and order of the
Enlightenment. It stressed intuition and emotion, especially a sense of nostalgia for
a rural, pre-industrial past (and, by extension, the majesty of nature). It elevated
folk art, language, and custom (i.e., cultural expressions).

Question 14

IMPRESSIONISM

Answer 14

A style of painting developed in the last third of the 19th century,
characterized chiefly by short brush strokes of bright colors in
immediate juxtaposition to represent the effect of lights on objects.

Question 15

SOCIALISM PROS

Answer 15

Wisest people ARE in charge in socialism. Key industries (mining, energy, etc.) more directly controlled, exploitation reduced.
NOT PROFIT MINDED, but EFFICIENCY MINDED

Question 16

SOCIALISM CONS

Answer 16

Socialism de-incentivizes work => promotes mediocrity, forces the high producers to carry the low producers.

Question 17

CAPITALISM PROS

Answer 17

More productive, more goods
Low pay, etc. => “a load and 6 pence every day” => that’s all they’re worth!

Samuel Smiles => richer, more productive, more food for the country. GO ENGLAND!!
Distribution less important than overall quantity => work harder, fool!

Question 18

CAPITALISM CONS

Answer 18

Abundant opportunities offered to small percentage, most left in the dust
Working class 70% - mines, ports, factories, farms, etc.
Liverpool 70k-> 400k
London massive growth
Overcrowded, dirty, rowhouses, epidemics, no open spaces, drinking water

Question 19

6 KILLER APPS

Answer 19

COMPETITION
European decentralization fostered the growth of political and economic competition, birthing the nation-state and the rise of capitalism.

SCIENCE
While eastern Muslim powers slowed scientific progress in their own region, the Christian West advanced militarily and academically.

PROPERTY
Widespread land ownership and its ties to the democratic process gave the United States a more productive, stable footing than its neighbors to the south.

MODERN MEDICINE
Developed and shared throughout colonial outposts in Africa and elsewhere, Western medicine has the power to double life expectancy.

CONSUMERISM
The 20th century witnessed a new model of civilization centered around consumption, as American goods and fashion carried the message of Western freedom.

WORK ETHIC
Protestantism in America stressed hard work, saving, and literacy. Yet today while Americans save less and fewer Europeans attend church, there are around 40 million or more Protestants in China.

Question 20

5 mains points of the communist manifesto –> Engels and Marx

Answer 20

Class Struggle: Marx and Engels argue that human history is primarily defined by class struggle. They describe a historical pattern of conflict between the bourgeoisie (the capitalist class) and the proletariat (the working class). They contend that this struggle has been a driving force for societal change.

Abolition of Private Property: The Manifesto advocates for the abolition of private property in the means of production. Marx and Engels argue that the capitalist system perpetuates inequality because the bourgeoisie own and control the means of production, while the proletariat must sell their labor to survive.

Communist Revolution: Marx and Engels propose that the proletariat should rise up in a revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie. They envision a “dictatorship of the proletariat,” a transitional stage during which the working class would control the government and means of production.

End of Capitalism: The Manifesto predicts the ultimate downfall of capitalism due to its internal contradictions. Marx and Engels argue that capitalism’s pursuit of profit and competition among capitalists lead to economic crises, inequality, and exploitation, making it unsustainable in the long term.

A Classless Society: The ultimate goal of communism, according to the Manifesto, is the creation of a classless society in which there is no private ownership, no social classes, and no exploitation. In this society, resources would be distributed according to the principle “from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.”

Question 21

Domesticity

Answer 21

idea common in middle and upper class that females needed to be protected from sphere of work. Valued women for submissiveness

Question 22

NEOCLASSICISM

Answer 22

Inspires confidence in the government after the French Revolution

Artistic movement of the late 18th-19th century that emphasized Greco-Roman themes (patriotism, heroic leadership)

Question 23

ROMATISICISM

Answer 23

Reaction to the love of reason and order of the Enlightenment, stressed intuition and emotion, and nostalgia, from pre-industrialized land.

Question 24

IMPRESSIONISM

Answer 24

Doesn’t need to look like realistic but embody the idea and emotion

A style of painting developed in the last 3rd of the 19th century, characterized by short brush strokes of bright colors.

Question 25

IMPERIAILISM

Answer 25

a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.