19th Century cont.

Question 1

Sources of Abuses in Administrative System

Answer 1

1. There was an appointment of officials with inferior qualifications, without dedication of duty and moral strength to resist corruption.
2. Too complicated functions between the union of church and state.
3. Manner of obtaining and appointing positions
4. Term of office, which is dependent on the King
5. Inadequate solutions to problems and needs of people
6. Personal interest over State welfare
7. Corruption of Alcaldes

Question 2

Monopoly trades or business practices

Answer 2

Indulto para comerciar

Question 3

When was the country opened to foreign trade?

Answer 3

End of 18th Century

Question 4

Economic Development and Rise of Filipino Nationalism:

Answer 4

• Rapid ride of foreign firms in Manila
• Stimulated agricultural production of sugar, rice hemp, and tobacco
• Prosperous families from foreign commerce and trade sent sons to Europe for education

Question 5

Contributing Factors to Development of Filipino Nationalism:

Answer 5

• Opening of Philippines to International Trade
• Existence of Middle Class
• Influx of European Liberalism
• Opening of Suez Canal

Question 6

It connects the Mediterranean and Red Sea; shortened the distance between Europe and Orient

Answer 6

Suez Canal

Question 7

When was the Suez Canal opened?

Answer 7

November 17, 1869

Question 8

Effects of Suez Canal Opening:

Answer 8

• Philippines became closer to Europe and Spain
• Europeans were encouraged to travel to Ph
• European ideologies entered Ph
• More young Filipinos studied abroad

Question 9

What was the Spanish Revolution of 1868?

Answer 9

Queen Isabela II was overthrown following the rise of Liberalism in Spain.

Question 10

A true democrat appointed by generals to become Governor-General of the Philippines, who oversaw a Liberal Regime in the Philippines

Answer 10

Carlos Maria Dela Torre, from 1869-1871

Question 11

Dela Torre’s accomplishments:

Answer 11

• Abolished censorship of the press and allowed unlimited discussions of political problems and proclaimed freedom of Speech
• Abolished flogging as punishment
• Curtailed abuses, particularly the tribute and polo
• Allowed secular priests to be assigned to vacant parishes or seminaries, and created an office which would prevent abuses by members of religious orders
• Decreed education reforms, ordered the setting up of medical, pharmacy, and vocational schools

Question 12

Dela Torre reformed this to bring about faster administrations of justice

Answer 12

Royal Audiencia

Question 13

This was a consultative body created by Dela Torre which studied Philippine problems and proposed solutions to them

Answer 13

Council of the Philippines

Question 14

When was the Council of the Philippines established?

Answer 14

December 4, 1870

Question 15

He became the Governor-General after Monarchy was restored. He restored press censorship, prohibited political talk and parish secularism, and dismissed natives and Mestizos from civil and military service.

Answer 15

Rafael de Izquierdo

Question 16

About 200 Filipino soldiers and workers in Fort San Felipe mutinied because of Izquierdo bringing back polo and paying tribute.

Answer 16

Cavite Mutiny

Question 17

When did the Cavite Mutiny occur?

Answer 17

January 20, 1872

Question 18

Who led the Cavite Mutiny?

Answer 18

Sgt La Madrid

Question 19

They fought for the Filipinization of parishes. Instead, they were charged of sedition and rebellion (Cavite Mutiny) due to a false testimony. They were sentenced to die by garrote.

Answer 19

GOMBURZA
- Mariano Gomez
- José Burgos
- Jacinto Zamora

Question 20

When were GOMBURZA executed?

Answer 20

February 17, 1872

Question 21

Instability of Colonial Administration

Answer 21

The instability of Spanish politics since the turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-1883) marked the beginning of political chaos in Spain.

The Spanish government underwent frequent changes owing bitter struggles between the forces of despotism and liberalism and the explosions of the Carlist Wars.

The frequent change of colonial officials hampered the political and economic development of the Philippines.

Question 22

A boastful and ruthless governor general, aroused the anger of the Filipinos by executing the innocent Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora, the “Martyrs of 1872”

Answer 22

General Rafael de Izquierdo

Question 23

Izquierdo’s successor, a good Moro fighter but was an inept and weak administrator

Answer 23

Admiral Jose Malacampo

Question 24

Governor general for two terms (1880-83 and 1897-98), enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which he scandalously permitted to operate.

Answer 24

General Fernando Primo de Rivera

Question 25

A cruel and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German society, arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain a millionaire. He received huge bribes and gifts of diamonds for his wife from wealthy Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese law. The Filipinos scornfully called him “tyrant” because of his brutal persecution of the Calamba tenants, particularly the family of Dr. Rizal

Answer 25

General Valeriano Weyler

Question 26

An able militarist but heartless governor general, was widely detested by the Filipino people for executing Dr. Jose Rizal.

Answer 26

General Camilo de Polavieja

Question 27

Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes

Answer 27

To win the support of the overseas colonies during the Napoleonic invasion, Spain granted them representation in the Cortes (Spanish parliament). Accordingly, the Philippines experienced the first period of representation in the Cortes from 1810-1813.

The first period of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (1810-1813) was thus fruitful with beneficent results for the welfare of the colony, However, the second period of representation (1820-23) and the third period (1834-37) were less fruitful because the Philippine delegates were not as energetic and devoted in parliamentary work.

Question 28

The first Philippine delegate in Cortes who took active part in the framing of the constitution, and was one of its 184 signers. This constitution was extended to the Philippines.

He also abolished the galeon trade.

Answer 28

Ventura de los Reyes

Question 29

Human Rights Denied to Filipinos

Answer 29

Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and other constitutions in succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed the freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of association and other human rights (except freedom of religion). The Spanish ardently guarded these rights so that no Spanish monarch dared abolish them.

The Spanish authorities who cherished these human rights or constitutional liberties in Spain denied them to the Filipinos in Asia.

Such inconsistency was lamented by Sinibaldo de Mas, Spanish economist and diplomat, who wrote in 1843: “Why do we fall into an anomaly, such as combining our claim for liberty for ouurselves and our wish to impose our law on remote peoples? Why do we deny to others the benefit which we desire for our fatherland?”

Question 30

No Equality Before the Law

Answer 30

The Spanish colonial authorities, who were Christians did not implement Christ’s precept of the brotherhood of all men under the fatherhood of God. Especially during the last decades of Hispanic rule, they arrogantly regarded the brown-skinned Filipinos as inferior beings, not their Christian brothers to be protected but rather as their majesty’s subjects to be exploited. To their imperialist way of thinking, brown Filipinos and white Spaniards may be equal before God, but not before the law and certainly not in practice.

Consequently, the Filipinos were abused, brutalized, persecuted, and slandered by their Spanish masters. They could not appeal to the law for justice because the law being dispensed by Spaniards was only for the white Spaniards.

Question 31

A law enforced in Ph, which particularly imposed heavier penalties on native Filipinos or mestizos and lighter penalties on white-complexioned Spaniards. This legal inequality was naturally resented by the Filipinos.

Answer 31

Spanish Penal Code

Question 32

Maladministration of Justice

Answer 32

The courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were notoriously corrupt. Verily, they were courts of “injustice”, as far as the brown Filipinos were concerned. The Spanish judges, fiscals (prosecuting attorneys), and other court officials were inept, venal and oftentimes ignorant of law.

Justice was costly, partial and slow. Poor Filipinos had no access to the courts because they could not afford the heavy expenses of litigation. Wealth, social prestige and color of skin were preponderant factors in winning a case in court. Irrespective of the weight of evidence, a rich man or a Spaniard, whose skin was white, easily achieved victory in any litigation.

Question 33

Racial Discrimination

Answer 33

The Spanish authorities regarded the converted Filipinos not as brother Christians, but as inferior beings who were infinitely undeserving of the rights and privileges that the white Spaniards enjoyed.

With this unchristian attitude, many Spaniards and their mestizos satellites derisively called the brown-skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos “Indios” (Indians). In retaliation, the Filipinos jealously dubbed thei pale-complexioned detractors with the disparaging term “bangus” (milkfish). During Rizal’s a white skin, a high nose and Castilian lineage were a badge of vaunted superiority. Hence, a Spaniard or a mestizo, no matter how stupid or mongrelborn he was, always enjoyed political and social prestige in the community.

Question 34

A unique form of government that embodied how the friars practically ruled the Philippines through a facade of civil government.

Answer 34

Frailocracy

Question 35

It was the compulsory labor imposed by Spanish colonial authorities on adult Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals, buildings and repair of roads and bridges, the building of ships in the shipyards and other public works.

Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old were obliged to render forced labor for 40 days a year.

Answer 35

Polo

Question 36

This was implemented by the New Regulations promulgated by the Council of States of February 3,1885, which increased the minimum age of the polistas (those who performed the forced labor) from 16 to 18 and reduced the days of labor from 40 to 15.

Answer 36

Royal Decree of July 12, 1883

Question 37

Why did Filipinos hate forced labor?

Answer 37

• The white Spanish residents contrary to law, were not recruited by the colonnial authorities to perform the obligatory labor.
• The Filipino polistas according to law, were to receive a daily stipend of two pesetas (50 centavos) but actually received only a part of this amount and worse, they got nothing.
• The annual forced labor caused so much inconvenience and suffering to the common people because it disturbed their work in farms and shops and also because they were sometimes compelled to work in construction project far from their homes and towns.

Question 38

Haciendas Owned by Frirs

Answer 38

During Rizal’s times, the Spanish friars belonging to different religious orders were the richest landlords, for they owned the best haciendas (agricultural lands) in the Philippines. The rural folks, who had been living in these haciendas and cultivating them generation after generation became tenants.

Question 39

In this essay, Rizal critics friar ownership of lands

Answer 39

Sobre la Indolencia de los Filipinos

Question 40

They were created by the Royal Decree of February 12, 1852, as amended by the Royal Decree of March 24, 1888, for the purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in the Philippines.

Answer 40

Guardia Civil