19th Century Flashcards
When was Germ Theory discovered?
1861
What did Robert Koch use to identify bacteria?
Chemical dyes and powerful microscopes.
Name one disease that Robert Koch identified?
TB 1882.
Cholera 1883.
What did Koch’s discovery enable Pasteur to do?
42% - 2%.
What did Simpson discover in 1847?
Chloroform.
When did Lister develop carbolic acid as an antiseptic?
1867.
When did Jenner discover that cowpox could prevent smallpox?
1796.
When did the government make smallpox vaccination compulsory?
1852 and enforced after 1871.
When was the first outbreak of cholera?
1831.
Why was the first Public Health Act 1848 limited?
It was not compulsory, only optional.
What was the Great Stink (1858)?
Sewage in the River Thames smelt so bad that Parliament had to be closed down.
How many miles of sewers did Bazalgette build in London by 1866?
1300 miles.
What did Nightingale cut the death rate at Scutari hospital to?
42% - 2%.
What did the Public Health Act of 1875 state?
Local authorities had to provide sewers, fresh water, paved streets and drains.
What did John Snow discover in 1854?
Cholera was spread through dirty water. He proved this by removing the handle off the pump on Broad Street.
Why did public health get worse during the 19th Century?
Outbreak of diseases like cholera.
Overcrowding in the cities led to the development of slum housing.
No sanitation.
When did Chadwick publish his report into public health?
In 1842. He linked dirt and disease.
When did Nightingale publish “Notes on Nursing”.
1859.
What impact did the discovery of antiseptics have?
It cut the death rate in Lister’s unit from 46% - 15%.
What problem in surgery was not resolved in the 1800s?
Blood loss as transfusions were not possible.
