19th and 20th century medicine key knownledge Flashcards

1
Q

Who created the first vaccine

A

Edward Jenner

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2
Q

What was the first vaccine for and which disease made you immune from it

A

Smallpox and cowpox

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3
Q

What was used before vaccines

A

Inoculation

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4
Q

What was inoculation

A

Spreading pus from a smallpox scab into a cut in the skin

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5
Q

What were the disadvantages of inoculation

A

It was risky because it could become deadly

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6
Q

What was the immediate impact of the smallpox vaccine

A

It was limited as vaccination was voluntary and some doctors opposed it.

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7
Q

What was the long-term impact of the smallpox vaccine

A

Jenner’s impact was better in the long term. In the 1850s (60 years later) the government made it compulsory and fined parents who refused to have their children vaccinated.

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8
Q

What did Pasteur prove (3)

A

Pasteur proved that:

  • The air contains microbes (germs) which cause decay
  • The microbes can be killed by heating them
  • That microbes caused infection (his silkworm experiments)
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9
Q

Who had a huge impact on the work of others such as Robert Koch and Joseph Lister.

A

Louis Pasteur

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10
Q

Who doubted the Germ Theory

A

Some doctors doubted Germ Theory and believed in spontaneous generation and miasma instead. E.g., Florence Nightingale and Edwin Chadwick

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11
Q

What did Robert Koch prove

A

That there were different types of microbes (germs) which caused certain diseases such as anthrax.

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12
Q

What was Koch awarded and his name

A

The Nobel Prize and called the ‘father of bacteriology’

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13
Q

What two vaccinations did Pasteur then make after Jenner’s

A

Chicken cholera and rabies

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14
Q

What other vaccines were discovered by the early 20th century

A

Diphtheria and tetanus

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15
Q

Who developed antiseptic surgery an what has he nicknamed/called

A

Joseph Lister

‘Father of antiseptic surgery’

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16
Q

How much did lister reduce infection rate

A

From 50% to 15%

17
Q

Why did other surgeons oppose Lister

A

They did no like the effect of carbolic acid on their skin and they did not believe in the Germ Theory

18
Q

What did antiseptic surgery lead to in the long term

A

Aseptic surgery - the removal of all germs from operating theatres with steam, sterilisation, masks and rubber gloves

19
Q

What was hospital life like before Florence Nightingale

A

Nurses didn’t have proper training or qualifications. Conditions in hospitals were dirty.

20
Q

What war did Florence Nightingale go to and when

A

The Crimean in 1850

21
Q

During the Crimean war how much was the death rate reduced due to Nightingale

A

From 40% to 2%

22
Q

How did Nightingale improve hospitals

A

Clean floors and sheets
Washed patients
Encouraged fresh air (miasma)
Designed ‘pavilion style’ hospitals (more windows, larger rooms and separate wards for infectious diseases)

23
Q

What was Florence’s book called

A

‘Notes on Nursing’

24
Q

Who and when discovered what blood groups

A

In 1901 Karl Landsteiner discovered the blood groups A, B and O

25
Q

What did some scientists discover to do with the blood

A

Found ways of stopping the blood from coagulating (getting thick and lumpy)

26
Q

Why was the discovery of preservation of blood a turning point

A

It meant that patients who needed blood to avoid dying of shock could be given a blood transfusion such as soldiers in WW1

27
Q

Why was the discovery of preservation of blood impactful in the long term

A

It meant that complex operations could take place as patients who lost blood could be transfused and blood transfusions are also used today to treat cancer patients