197A - Deck 2.3 Flashcards
What kind of oppression did Japanese immigrant workers experience on arriving in Brazil?
[3]
1) harsh working conditions
2) dismal pay (sometimes only 1/5 of what they had been promised)
3) pressure to assimilate (‘whiten”)
When did Japan invade Korea? When did Japan’s colonization of Korea end?
1910; 1945
How has nikkei cuisine contributed to glocalized sushi in Peru?
[2]
- by substituting local INGREDIENTS, such as quinoa for rice
- by adding South American CONDIMENTS [sauces], that use chili, cheese, etc.
What is the general term used to refer to Peruvians of Japanese descent?
nikkei
Where did Jaapmese immigrants to Brazil go to work? Why?
to inland coffee plantations; to replace slaves emancipated in 1888
When did Japanese emigrate to Brazil?
from 1908 to 1923
How did the early experience of Japanese immigrants to Hawai’i differ from that of Japanese immigrants to other countries?
because they were a majority of the islands’ population, Japanese sugar plantation workers were able to organize successful labor strikes in the early 20th century
Which South American country has the largest population of people of Japanese descent?
How large is this population?
Brazil; 1.5 million
Were Japanese Brazilians placed in internment camps during WW II, as people of Japanese descent were in the US?
No. However, the government increased pressure on them to “Brazilianize” by, for example:
1) forbidding Japanese-language newspapers unless they had side-by-side Portuguese translations;
2) placing Brazilian Portuguese language teachers in Japanese community schools.
What is Spam musubi?
a slice of Spam on a large rice ball (often wrapped with a strip of nori)
[NOTE: It has only appeared as “sushi” in recent years, when the original plain rice ball changed to sushi rice in some recipes.]
How did Peruvian nikkei experience discrimination during WW II?
[3 ways]
After Pearl Harbor:
- nikkei assets were seized
- Japanese-language schools and newspapers were forcibly closed
- over 1,000 nikkei were detained and sent to internment camps in the US
What are 2 “glocalized” variations of sushi popular in Brazil?
1) mango temaki
2) hot Philadelphia roll (fried Philadelphia roll -cream cheese and smoked salmon)
When did Japanese immigrants begin to arrive in Peru?
in 1899 on the Sakura Maru
When did Japanese emigrate to Hawai’i?
between 1888 and 1911
What was one Japan’s most far-reaching attempts to eradicate Korean culture during the colonial period?
passing a law that Koreans must adopt Japanese surnames (“last names”); over 80% of Koreans did so
How does kimbap glocalize sushi?
[2 examples]
1] by mixing sesame oil rather than rice vinegar with the RICE
2) by substituting preserved INGREDIENTS such as canned tuna, ham and cheese
How did Japanese force Koreans into labor during the colonial period?
[3 examples]
1) as factory workers in Japanese factores
2) as soldiers in the Japanese army
3) as “comfort women” to Japanese soldiers (under the equivalent of sexual slavery)
What is nikkei cuisine?
part of the mainstream cuisine of Peru, which blends Japanese and Peruvian ingredients, techniques, etc.
Who invented Spam musubi? When?
Hawaiian food service manager Barbara Funamura, in the 1980s
Where did most early Japanese immigrants to Hawai’i work?
on the island’s sugar cane plantations
Where did Japanese immigrants to Peru work?
on sugar and cotton plantations
How did Spam become a widely-consumed food in Hawai’i?
because the US government supplied it to the internment camps where Japanese-Americans were forced to relocate in WW II
What work conditions did Japanese immigrants to Peru experience?
harsh labor, disease and discrimination
