1964-1970

Question 1

name 5 facts about harold wilson

Answer 1

-youngest prime minister of the century (early 40s)
-family was northern, lower-middle class
-beat gorge brown in leadership contest
-wanted to rid of privilege for drive for a progressive britain, ‘white heat of technology’ speech-63
-was known as a slippy character, not loyal to ministers, liked to cause irritation

Question 2

when did gaitskell die

Answer 2

1963-previous labour leader (thought to be new PM)

Question 3

why did labour win the 1964 election

Answer 3

-labour represented a younger, progressive image
-presented a large modern election campaign which presented him as fit to lead the nation, visited places
-labour revival, wilson by passed many of the old disagreements that held them back eg clause iv and nationalisation

Question 4

why did conservatives lose the 1964 election

Answer 4

-unemployment reached over 800,000 in 1963
-scandals weakened their claim to integrity
-humiliating EEC failure exposed how weak britain were internationally
-main target of satire
-morale was low after 13 years in office

Question 5

what were the results of the 1964 election

Answer 5

-labour votes seats-317
-conservative seats 304
-labour had majority of 4

Question 6

what made progressive technological change hard for his government

Answer 6

-lack of expertise in gov
eg roy jenkins (aviation minister) was a non scientist so didn’t get his work and frank cousins (technology minister) had no interest in technology
-R&D very expensive
-economic problems they inherited

Question 7

3 reasons why were they haunted by economic problems

Answer 7

-britain changing economic structure from industrial economy to a post industrial one (manufacturing industries changing to service/finance industries)-inflation
-lagged behind US and Japan
-spending too much on defence, too little on industry, balance of payments deficit $800 mil

Question 8

who was george brown

Answer 8

-minister for economic affairs 64-66
(disliked by chancellor of e- callaghan)

Question 9

what was the national plan and what was 3 of its aims

Answer 9

-the DEA under george brown (new department for economic affairs) formulated it for faster growth and modernisation as a pro-active control of the economy, to increase industrial production and exports by more co-operation with government, unions and employers
-wanted to increase GDP by 25% and have annual growth rate of 3.%
-welcomed prices and incomes policy and set up a royal commission on trade unions
-welcomed trades disputes act 1965 to restore legal safeguards threatened by rookies v barnard judgement 1964

Question 10

when was the national plan and DEA abandoned and why

Answer 10

-treasury not happy with DEA trying to control economy
-met few of it’s objectives, 1967
-DEA=1969

Question 11

what were the results of the 1966 election

Answer 11

-majority increases to 98
big majority!! electorate impressed with modernising approach, wilson thought it gave him a mandate- wilson called election because they had an unworkably small majority (4)!!

Question 12

what was the problem with deflationary measures

Answer 12

-no different to old stop go policies
-labour would be unable to invest in welfare and technology

Question 13

what 5 actions did wilson take to combat inflation and the b of p deficit and who did it anger (deflationary measures)

Answer 13

-cuts in gov spending
-wage freeze
-set up prices and incomes board to regulate pay settlements
-tax increase
-subcharge on imports of 15% over devaluation

Question 14

how did labour stay economically steady until 1966 election

Answer 14

lord cromer (governor of bank of england) raised an aid package that got the gov through the worst- exports began to outweigh imports

Question 15

what did the deflationary measures cause and how did wilson react

Answer 15

-trade unions angry!! leader of TGWU and minister of technology, frank cousins resigned
-series of strikes, weren’t happy with overtime rates, weekend work and wanted a 17% pay increase in 1966/67- most disruptive seamens and dockers
-1966 wilson said in the commons they were ‘marxist extremists’ and a ‘tightly knit group of politically motivated men’ who were endearing the countries security (anti-union sentiment)

Question 16

why and when was devaluation necessary and what other 3 restrictions were introduced

Answer 16

-1967 sterling $2.80 to $2.40 cut of 14%
-industrial trouble (national dock strike)worsened trade deficit (exports fell), £40m loss of income so had to ask IMF for a loan having already borrowed £1 mil 3 years earlier=sterling crisis
-war in the middle east affects oil supplies and worsens b of p
-defence cuts, hire purchase restrictions, higher interest

Question 17

why was devaluation humiliating 5 reasons

Answer 17

-couldve helped b of p from the start but they avoided with deflation it so they were reluctantly forced
-made their currency weak, loss of prestige, goods cheaper to other countries
-wilson had to deliver ‘pound in your pocket’ speech the following day to try and reassure britain that their money was still worth the same but no one believed it
-opposition (heath) pointed out in 37 months they’d denied they’d do it 20 times
-chancellor of the exchequer callaghan resigned over it

Question 18

when and what was the greatest number of working days lost due to strikes (64-70)

Answer 18

1970-10,980,000 (after in place of strife)

Question 19

when did wilson put the 2nd application to the EEC and why was it rejected

Answer 19

nov 1967
-de gaulle VETO again, britain too focused on atlantic alliance, lack of interest in the common market and their failing economy
-britain half hearted- left eg gaitskell,micheal foot, barbara castle and trade unions hostile because it was too capitalist VS europhiles eg jenkins and george brown wanted to join
1966 wilson thought it would be beneficial and a vote 488 to 62 to join happened so he applied
-SURPRISED- brown attended a NATO meeting in paris before they applied which seemed friendly with france

Question 20

what does devaluation do

Answer 20

makes exports cheaper making your country more competitive globally but makes imports more expensive so domestic consumers won’t purchase them, helps combat trade imbalances

Question 21

what was the b of p and inflation by 1970

Answer 21

£700 mil trade surplus (inflation sill high-12%)

Question 22

who were wilsons chancellors of the exchequers

Answer 22

callaghan 64-67
roy jenkins 67-70

Question 23

when and what was in place of strife and what did it include

Answer 23

-1969, a white paper which set proposals to limit trade union power and implement legal restrictions on the right to strike by barbara castle
-have to hold a ballot before a strike and have a clear majority before it could be legal
-had to have a 28 day cooling period before a strike
-industrial relations court could prosecute people who broke the rules and gov could impose settlements during disputes

Question 24

who was barbara castle

Answer 24

employment minister

Question 25

what 3 things caused in place of strife

Answer 25

wildcat strikes-unofficial strikes without reference to national leadership (eg seamen and dockers)
blamed eec rejection and bad economy on unions
publication of the donovan commission in june 1968 examined tu and was the cue of the need for reform

Question 26

what were the consequences of in place of strife

Answer 26

-DIVISION- some cabinet was reluctant to support, political suicide eg callaghan (home secretary-eventually stopped it proceeding by stressing the dangers) and jack jones (union leader, leader of anti faction within the gov) voted against the paper vs some eg chancellor of exchequer roy jenkins initially supported
-june 1969 wilson gave humiliating climbdown after nov 1968 castle and wilson spent a weekend on failed negotiations and thought theyd loose the proposed ‘issue of confidence’ over it
-unions angry, undermined principles of labour who were meant to support unions- 6 mil days lost jan-july 1970= radicalisation of TU
-Denis healey (defence secretary) claimed it did ‘permanent damage’ to their relationship

Question 27

in the early 1960s in opinion polls how popular were unions

Answer 27

60%

Question 28

who was roy jenkins during wilsons time and why was he important

Answer 28

home secretary 1965-1967, encouraged progressive social reform and tried to make britain more tolerant by supporting private members bills of changes that were ahead of their time in social acceptance
chancellor of the exchequer 1967-1970

Question 29

when was the end of capital punishment

Answer 29

-backbencher sydney silverman campaigned for full abolition after the tories reduced the number of of offences with the death penalty-the murder bill
-1965- a free vote 343 vs 185 in the commons abolished for a trial of 5 years
-1969-it was made permanent (jenkins brought in majority over unanimity in juries too)

Question 30

what was the opposition to the end of capital punishment

Answer 30

-conservs opposed it and wanted it debated in the commons rather than the committee and presented a pmb for the bill to be infont of the whole house
-lords said the homocide act should come back after 5 years if both houses agreed
-65-70 high profile murders eg the moors murderers escaped the death penalty when it was suspended, made people worry
-polls were always 60% and above in favour for hanging

Question 31

when was the divorce reforms and why did it happen

Answer 31

-the law unfairly favoured the man and the women had to prove her reasons for divorce eg adultery by using private cameras/detectives=unnesscary suffering and deceiving of the courts
-a pmb was introduced for the divorce reform act
by leo base and was passed in 1969
-was now a ‘no fault divorce’ and could be accepted after 2 years if both wanted it or 5 if one person wanted it

Question 32

who opposed the abortion act

Answer 32

-leo abse and politicians
-moralists, was an assault on the sanctity of life
-1966 the society for the protection of the unborn child was set up to oppose any liberalisation of the law

Question 33

when was the abortion act and why did it happen

Answer 33

-abortion was previously illegal unless the womens life was in danger=around 100,000 back street abortions a year, 58-60 82 women died as a result
-abortion law reform associated campaigned for legal obstacles to be removed
-the thalidomide crisis- the drug was given to pregnant women to prevent nausea but it was revealed to cause irreversible damage to the foetus and and thousands of children were born with malformations of their limbs-opinion polls in favour of abortions increased
-david steel (youngest mp-29) pushed for the pmb to legalise abortion and was passed in 1967- could legally terminate pregnancy within first 28 weeks with consent of 2 doctors-jerkins applauded him on his courage in seeing the bill through

Question 34

when was the sexual offences act and why did it happen

Answer 34

-men could previously be improsoned for 2 years for being homosexual
-wolfenden report 1957 recommended that homosexuals should no longer be a criminal offence-report was backed by daily mirror and the times
-after the publication the homosexual law reform society campaigned for the recommendations to be implemented=softening views? pity?
-leo abse and lord arran introduced the pmb and it was passed in 1967= allowed over the age of 21(age of consent) if it was in private

Question 35

who did wilson make his education minister and why

Answer 35

-anthony crosland 1965= he believed in social equality shown in his bool ‘the future of socialism’ and he wasn’t happy with the current education system (11+exam and 3 tier schooling)

Question 36

what was the problem with comprehensives

Answer 36

-many middle class parents opposed so turned to direct grant schools or independent schools

Question 37

what and how did anthony crosland introduce and name 3 facts to back up why it was successful

Answer 37

-comprehensive schools in 1965, believed educating all students together would be cheaper and more equal
-crosland issued circular 10/65 requesting local education authorities to begin converting their secondary schools to comprehensive schools
-by the end of wilson 1/3 of children were in
comprehensive schools, 1 in 10 pupils
-by 1970 there were 1145 comprehensive schools
-only 8 authorities failed

Question 38

why was higher education expanded 1951-64

Answer 38

-1961 robins report found britain lagged behind germany and us in science and technological education and the provision of university places and too many students followed art related courses than the study of science and tech
-recommended anyone with the desire to go to uni should be able to

Question 39

how did higher education develop 64-70

Answer 39

-polytechnics replaced colleges of technology, focused on teaching science and applied education for work
-9 colleges of advanced technology became full unis
-by 1968 there were 30 polytechnics and 56 unis
-new courses created

Question 40

when and why was the open uni created

Answer 40

-to offer high quality degree level education in arts and sciences to people who had never had the opportunity to attend campus unis
-jennie lee was appointed to see the project through
-sep 1969 open uni headquarters was established and 1971 students started
-1980 there were 70,000 students
-awarded more degrees than oxford and Cambridge combined
-huge success!!!!

Question 41

what was the expansion of mass media

Answer 41

-tv became available/popular everywhere=uniformity of culture by 1961 75% of pop had a tv and 1971 it was 91%, news no longer needed to be relayed by newspapers
-hugh greene (director general of the BBC in 1960) set out to transform it, money was diverted from radio to tv, new style of news and popular programmes were commissioned, growth of satire! eg 1962 the week that was, private eye press
-launch of itv in 1955 allowed advertising to expand
-1967 bbc2 first channel to broadcast regular colour programmes
-radio survived with the development of the portable transistor and spread of car radios=meant teenagers didn’t have to listen to the same as their parents=news targeted at different audiences
-bbc pop music station radio one started
-end off print media? fall in revenue and readership?the sun launched and represented more permissive attitudes

Question 42

how did leisure activities develop

Answer 42

-people had more leisure time, less people worked weekends
-by 1969 tv accounted for 23% of leisure time, DIY, gardending, cookery, knitting grew as home hobbies and live events eg theatre and football declined
-car ownership accelerated, became more affordable, permitted travel to differentiate leisure activities eg shopping which was fuelled by advertising and more mass production
-growth in travel, holidays abroad 61 4mil 71 7 mil

Question 43

how did science develop

Answer 43

-1961 first person in space, 1969 us landed on the moon
-developed supersonic concorde aircraft
-post office tower opened to improve telecommunication

Question 44

how was there a reduction in censorship

Answer 44

-playwrights more experimental, but still needed lord chamberlain’s office approval of their material
-royal court theatre in london was at the heart of innovation, after play ‘early morning’ was banned backbencher george strauss introduced bill to abolish theatrical censorship, accepted theatres act 1968, permitted nudity on stage, more controversial topics
-films still monitored by the british board of film censors but films grew more daring eg ‘darling’ 1965 and ‘alfie’ 1966, explicit sex and violence became more acceptable

Question 45

what were the attitudes towards women

Answer 45

-still belief of house wives remained like the 50s
-second wave feminism started in 1963 in the us and spread over to Britain with women eg betty friedan starting to argue women were unfulfilled with their restricted lives
-women only accounted for 28% students in higher education in 1970 and 5% of high managerial posts, most job opportunities meant low pay and no prospects eg service sector
-girls frequently left school young at min age and married

Question 46

what progress was there towards female equality

Answer 46

-nhs act 1967 allowed contraceptives and advice but number of illegitimate births and divorces rose=greater female emancipation
-more publication of articles and books encouraging feminist movement eg ‘ the female eunuch’-germaine greer 1970
-womens lib groups campaigned for change, rally in 1969 led to the womens national co-ordination committee to bring the strands if feminism together
-at the first national womens liberation conference in 1970 they demanded equal pay, free contraception/abortion,equal job opps and free childcare
-1970 equal pay act
-BUT inequality/discrimantion/sterotypes still remained, evolution not revolution!!

Question 47

what proves and disproves the 60s was the age of the permissive society

Answer 47

-DISPROVE critics said it was a decline in conventional moral standards, the church opposed eg contraceptive pill, liberalising legislation and the growth of mass media
-DISPROVE Mary Whitehouse was a moral campaigner who led a ‘moral crusade’ against what she saw as a ‘tide of immortality and indecency’ in Britain, she set up the ‘national viewers and listeners association’ in 1965 which gained 100,000 members to campaign against media content
-PROVE ‘teen’ magazines, uncensored novels, radio, Tv spread previously taboo subjects
-PROVE spread of drug culture eg cocaine and heroin promoted by the ‘hippy lifestyle’ and ‘flower power’ BUT DISPROVE dangerous drugs act 1967 made it illegal to possess these drugs and the recommendations to make it legal in the wooten report 1968 was rejected by new home secretary james callaghan-max sentence=14 years

Question 48

how did a new youth culture develop

Answer 48

-increased living standards, education, leisure time, less censorship created a youth more inclined to question norms
-young people clashed with parents over fashion, music,morals eg sex/drugs
-FASHION, norms changed, women wore trousers, men wore satins and bright colours, masked old social/sex divisions
-MUSIC, BBC TV ‘top of the pops’ 1964, pirate radio stations, BBC radio one spread latest trends eg rolling stones
-new tech eg cheap record players made music accesible to all
-dif youth subcultures eg skinheads and hippies

Question 49

why and how did britain support the us during the vietnam war

Answer 49

-needed to maintain their atlantic alliance because they were dependant on us financial support and american president (johnson) wanted to assure their support
-britain co-chaired geneva conference with the USSR to offer a deal to end the war
-march 1965 he tried to bring the US and USSR together in london but US didnt show up
-june wilson suggested to bring commonwealth pms together but failed
-vietnamise new year 1967 meant a 4 day truce and soviet premier (kosygin), wilson and cooper(on behalf of johnson) met but still nothing changed
-a phase a / phase b plan was being made but washington didn’t like it which worsened relations

Question 50

what were the anti-vietnams riots

Answer 50

-the left didn’t want to join in on the controversial vietnam war with the USA who were trying to defeat communist rebels because of the devastation and violence it involved with no justification
-1965 many teach ins at unis and the VSC(Vietnam solidarity campaign) was set up in 1966 gaining support from many uni students
17 march 1968-anti-vietnam war violent demonstration in london trying to storm the US embassy in grosvenor square
28 march a more violent protest ‘the battle of grosvenor square’ ended with 200 people arrested
october 1968 final demonstration involved around 30,000 people
-other methods eg 2 conservatives MPs were attacked in essex, denis healey (defence secretary) almost had his car turned over by Cambridge students

Question 51

what were the social tensions towards immigration and race

Answer 51

-immigrants had dif religions, accents dress=worried for britain’s future
-idi amin expelled Ugandan asians early 70s and 28,000 immigrated
-bangledesh break from pakistan=1mil+new commonwealth’s
-survery in north london showed 1 in 5 objected to work with black people/asians, 1/2 would refuse to live next to them and 9/10 disproved mixed marriages
-still big influx of immigrants from the new commonwealth

Question 52

what progress and problems was there with race

Answer 52

-PROGRESS SORT OF 1965 race relations act forbade discrimination in public places however housing and employment was excluded
-SORT OF PROGRESS race relations board set up to deal with complaints however 734/982 were dismissed in the 1st year due to lack of evidence
-PROBLEM feb 1968 commonwealth immigration act limited the right of return to Britain for non-white commonwealth citizens after the sudden influx of kenyan asians
-PROGRESS race relations act 1968 banned discrimination in housing, employment and other services and the board was given stronger powers
PROBLEM people still found loopholes and it only upheld 10% of the 1241 complaints it received about discriminatory employment
-PROGRESS notting hill carnival became annual event from 1964, more asian corner shops/chineese takeaways/youth culture embraced culture eg hippies wore indian/african cottons and the enjoyed west indian styles of music eg jazz

Question 53

when was enoch powells rivers of blood speech and what were the reactions

Answer 53

PROBLEM!! april 1968, fury over immigration
-strongly condemned by liberal establishment, heath sacked him from cabinet
-opinion poll found 75% agreed with what he said and there were strikes in london and a protest march to downing street in response to his sacking

Question 54

what was the lady chatterlys lover case

Answer 54

-1960 penguin books published it
-created huge social reaction, discussed taboo topics eg sex, class and relationships
-1960 they were taken to trial against the obscene publications act
-penguin books acquitted of all charges SUCCESS!!
-important victory for freedom of expression and made publishing progressively more liberal

Question 55

what was wilsons ‘kitchen cabinet’

Answer 55

-he was an insecure leader, his cabinet contained many experienced leaders=threat?
-so wilson relied on a number of trusted advisers who werent in the civil service for his cabinet
-eg marcia williams, his private secretary, and other MPs became known as his ‘kitchen cabinet’

Question 56

what was the argument for and against decolonisation

Answer 56

FOR-anthony greenwood (secretary of state) aimed for the ending of colonialism, independence was to be given to those who wanted it , still committed to nuclear weapons so didn’t need military bases to claim to be a world power
FOR-denis healey (minister of defence) wanted to introduce spending cuts to bring the defence budget below £2bil-he gave a white paper in 1967 of a timetable for withdrawal from the east of suez (after devaluation it was accelerated)-host governments objected because they’d loose income and protection
AGAINST-foreign office put the breaks fearing strategically and pragmatically important islands would be lost and it would stimulate interference in newly independent states
AGAINST-america argued cold war tensions needed a greater commitment to the defence of the worlds strategic areas

Question 57

what happened in the east of suez and why was it important

Answer 57

-it had massive trade/protection importance
-us secretary of state suggested britain have a presence in the area as they couldn’t expand commitments but callaghan wanted a speedy withdrawal to avoid bankruptcy vs healey/ brown/ wilson were cautious of being too speedy and didn’t want to upset the americans
-change from callaghan to jenkins=wanted withdrawal from the gulf by 1969 and east of suez by 70/71 based on economic nessecity-brown argued for a delay to avoid a communist uprising in singapore
-ending of conflicts eg indonesia and six days war created conditions to be successful

Question 58

what happened in rhodesia

Answer 58

-‘wind of change’ speech tried to target white minority regimes who thought they could resist reform but instead they saw it as a threat
-1963 the federation of rhodesia/Nyasaland broke into 3 entities
-1964 north rhodesia became independent state of zambia and south rhodesia hoped for independance but britain said they needed the majority rule (black) to replace the political domination by the white pop (5% who was racist/refused independence)-principle go NIBMAR-no independance before majority rule
-ian smith (white pm) issued a unilateral declaration of independance claiming yo be an independent sovereign state in 11 nov 1965 without accepting majority rule-challenged labour gov/wilson impotent
-wilson and smith met on the HMS tiger off gibraltar in 1966 which seemed positive but made no difference
-george brown imposed oil sanctions but big oil companies ignored the sanctions eg south africa/portugal continued to trade
-more talks on HMS fearless in oct 1968 and wilsons diplomacy failed again/looked weak/created a tiger document but nothing changed-rhodesia remained independent country ruled by white minority until 1979

Question 59

what was the results of rhodesia

Answer 59

-next 15 years engulfed by violent civil wars, smiths rhodesian army fought against 2 african gorilla factions The Rhodesian bush war
-1972 ZAPU (zimbabwe african peoples union led by robert mugabe) protested against the govs racist policies for a democratic state
-left/commonwealth saw wilson as weak

Question 60

who were the unionists/loyalists and who were the nationalists

Answer 60

-unionists supported joining britan/protestant
-nationalists wanted united ireland/catholic

Question 61

what is the context of NI

Answer 61

-government of ireland act 1920 and 1921 treaty split ireland into the independent south and ni (ulster-made up of 6 countries) which remained part of the uk (mostly protestant 1mil with a catholic minority1/2mil)
-the south countries of ireland made the irish free state (following the partition in 1949 became the sovereign republic of ireland-mainly catholic-fully independant after irish war of independance)
-half of NI wanted to be part of the uk (protestant) and the other half wanted a united ireland (catholic)and
-NI is predominately protestant and the south is catholic eg Belfast+Derry=Londonderry and they complained of discrimination and unfair treatment by the protestant gov/police, the protestants used their majority to dominate parliament, secured rights that were denied to the catholic minority =political corruption
(prime minister Terence O Neil tried to bring the religions together but failed)
-the wealthiest parts were in the east so protestants monopolised the best housing/school/jobs and the west was poor (protestants thought catholics wanted what they had/resentment vs catholics said corruption made officials give protestants patronage and that constituency boundaries were deliberately adjusted to maintain protestant majorities(gerrymandering)
-NI had the RUC(police force) and the Orange order (people who swear to uphold the protestant faith)

Question 62

what is gerrymandering

Answer 62

manipulation of constituency boundaries

Question 63

what are b specials

Answer 63

wholly protestant service reserve police force on which the full time police could call

Question 64

how did the NI troubles worsen in the 60s

Answer 64

-paisley (protestant unionist party leader) gave many anti catholic speeches
-catholics had the IRA (irish republican army) and protestants have the UVF (ulster volunteer force) to oppose them
-NI civil rights association (NICRA) movement began 1967 started by students at queens university (1/3 students were catholic) to end discrimination about catholics eg in employment/housing and condemned the use of gerrymandering of elections and demanded disbanding of B specials
EVENTS
-Mary gould-77yr old protestant killed 1966 by the UVF who were targeting a catholic pub but got the wrong address and threw a petrol bomb through her window
-Peter ward-18yr old catholic killed outside a pub in belfast
-1967 marching season- attacks on o neils leadership, 400 NICRA staged a march in august in dungannon 1968 but no violence happened so another one happened
-o neil announced 5 point plan to calm catholic community and gave a broadcast appealing for calm and order but the PD (a group of the civil rights movement) ignored this and on Oct 5 1968 they marched through londonderry encountering protestant bricks/boulders/bottles and RUC violently suppressed them which they expected
-in august 1969 james callaghan sent the british army to Ni to keep peace (catholics initially welcomed but when the IRA reorganised itself they saw it as representatives of the hated british imperialist gov)

Question 65

when did o neil resign and who replaced him

Answer 65

april 1969-replaced by james chichester clark

Question 66

what was the battle of bogside

Answer 66

TENSION- 1)In april the catholic PDs bernadette devlin defeated the ulster unionist in a by election 2)Funeral of samuel devenney (was beaten to death by RUC)
-The apprentice boys (loyalists)march ignited attack from nationalists and caused a battle in august 1969 between catholic residents of bogside in derry and the protestant unionists/RUC
-Callaghan had to send the army to calm the violence

Question 67

why was consensus ending

Answer 67

-tu uncooperative
-economic problems unsolved eg devaluation
-divisions eg left not happy with moderate consensus labour policies
-social problems/poverty hadn’t ended
-conservatives doubting state control of economy

Question 68

why did labour loose 1970 election

Answer 68

-SURPRISE/jenkins was credited for financial stability (surplus £700mil) and wilson was considered more popular and a better campaigner than heath
-wilsons gov was fragile-lost moderate voters
-rising unemployment and inflation (undistinguished ECONOMIC policies/devaluation/national plan/eec failure)
-failure to control UNIONS-in place of strife/strikes/immigration controls=restrictive
-INTERNATIONAL unhappy eg rhodesia/anti vietnam

Question 69

why did conservatives win 1970 election

Answer 69

-enoch powells 1968 rivers of blood speech made them look strong and principled
-ending post war consensus made new conservatives ideas gian support
-dissatisfaction with labour