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China AOS1 (TF) > 1927-1937 > Flashcards

1927-1937 Flashcards

1
Q

Event: CCP Factionalism

A
  • Repression of CCP so strong that 6th Party Congress held in Moscow - July 1928
  • Li Lisan elected - strong supporter of urban revolution (opposed Mao)
  • Mao removed from Politburo November 1929
  • ‘Li Lisan line’ not working - dismissed 1931
  • 28 Bolsheviks put into power
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2
Q

Views: CCP Factionalism

A

Ryan:

  • Chinese Communists were in disarray
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3
Q

Event: The Jiangxi Soviet

  • TF:
  • 5P
A
  • TF: 1929-1933
  • Mao established Jiangxi Soviet January 1929
  • Red Army Reform: All win respect of peasants
    • Three Main Rules of Discipline
    • Eight Points for Attention
    • Guerilla tactics
  • Social Reform:
    • Reading classes for soldiers
    • Campaigns against foot binding, child slavery
  • Use of Peasantry:
    • ‘The peasants are the sea; we are the fish. The sea is our habitat’
  • Mao loses influence due to 28 Bolshevik politics
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4
Q

Stats: The Jiangxi Soviet

A
  • Jiangxi: 30,000 sqkm
  • Governed 3 million people
  • Initially had 1000 soldiers
  • Land reform in 1930 similar to Land Reform Law of 1947
  • Jiangxi Soviet Membership:
    • 1928 - 40 000
    • 1930 - 122 000
    • 1933 - 300 000
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5
Q

Views: The Jiangxi Soviet

A

Mao:

  • [His soldiers] They are all human beings

Davin:

  • Jiangxi ‘a social laboratory’
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6
Q

Event: The Futian Purges

  • TP:
  • 2P
A
  • TP: October 1930
  • Mao feared Red Army units loyalty questionable
  • Initiates a purge, executing 20,000
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7
Q

Stats: The Futian Purges

A
  • 20,000 executed
  • 200 executed in good faith - Mao called the meeting in good faith
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8
Q

Views: The Futian Purges

A

Teiwes:

Clearest example of Mao’s willingness to ignore persuasion and opt for coercive methods

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9
Q

Overview: The Nationalist Decade

  • TF:
  • 4P
A
  • TF:1927-1937
  • Chiang establishes Nanjing Nationalist Gov’t April 1927 after White Terror
  • Chiang headed government as chairman of State Council - Assumed title of Generalissimo
  • Marked by regionalism; militarist governors broke away and ruled their domains independently
  • Many modernisation programmes undertaken
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10
Q

Stats: The Nationalist Decade

  • 4S
A
  • GMD killed 300,000 people
  • 80% of spending went into paying off debts and funding military
  • 20 of 33 foreign concessions given up
  • 69500 complaints filed: 268 investigated; 13 sacked
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11
Q

Views: The Nationalist Decade

  • 2V
A

Bianco:

  • Peace and order were relative… unification… was more apparent than real

Hsu:

  • Beneath the [government’s] veneer of progress lay fundamental problems of social and economic injustices
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12
Q

Event: Modernisation in the Nationalist Decade

  • 4P
A
  • Transport and communications: Chinese airline founded; railways expanded considerably
  • Industry: Electric power plants; new hospitals
  • Finance: Reform in banking and currency sector
  • Chinese Sovereignty: 20 of 33 foreign concessions administered by European powers given up
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13
Q

Stats: Modernisation in the Nationalist Decade

A

20 of 33 foreign concessions administered by European powers given up

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14
Q

Views: The Nationalist Decade

A

Ryan

  • China began to gain respect from other nations
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15
Q

Event: Challenges during the Nationalist Decade

A
  • Taxation: Taxes for ‘army mules’ and ‘kettles’
  • Corruption
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16
Q

Stats: Challenges during the Nationalist Decade

A
  • Sichuan Taxation: 38 years in advance
  • 69500 complaints filed: 268 investigated; 13 sacked
17
Q

Views: Corruption during the Nationalist Decade

A

Ryan:

  • Corruption and bureaucratic lethargy abounded in city and country areas

Chiang:

  • Many staff members… read newspapers and still others sleep

Tawny:

  • [Chinese Farmers] Up to his neck in water so that even a ripple is sufficient to drown him
18
Q

Event: The New Life Movement

A
  • TF: 1934-?
  • Movement to re-establish traditional and conservative values to oppose popularity of Communism
    • Emphasising the virtues of integrity, conscientiousness, etiquette and justice
    • Outlawed Gambling, having permed hair, smoking, men and women walking arm in arm in the street (96 rules)
  • Meiling Soong, Chiangs’ wife, was a Methodist: ‘there’s Methodism in this madness’
  • Shanghai’s Opium Suppression Bureau: Led by Big Ears Du, Green Gang boss
19
Q

Stats/Dates: The New Life Movement

A
  • Movement initiated February 1934
  • Communist Figure: 300,000 people killed by GMD during the Nationalist Decade
20
Q

Views: The New Life Movement

A

Morgan:

  • [The New Life Movement] became a form of harassment and interference in the personal lives of the Chinese

Mitter:

  • New Life Movement ‘create a citizenry that was self-aware, politically conscious, and committed to the nation’

Fascist Chiang:

  • Fascism is now what China most needs

Fitzgerald:

  • China ‘groaned under a regime [that was] Fascist in every quality except efficiency’
21
Q

Event: War with Japan

A
  • End of 1931: Japan controls Manchuria
  • February 1932: Manchuko ‘land of the Manchu’ created; Pu Yi as Emperor
  • 1935: 5 more provinces under Japanese control
22
Q

Dates: War with Japan

A

February 1932: Manchuko

1935: 5 more provinces under Japanese control

23
Q

Views: War with Japan

A

Fairbank:

  • Chiang’s ‘fate was determined almost from the first by the menace of Japanese militarism’
24
Q

Event: Encirclement Campaigns:

A
  • Chiang’s attempt to destroy the Jiangxi soviet - 5 campaigns, each with many troops (3rd had 300,000)
  • Chiang gets a new adviser, von Seeckt, who utilised new tactics
  • 30,000 strong Zhu-Mao army and the rest were not able to cope with new tactics of 5th campaign - establishing bases around Jiangxi
  • Guerrilla tactics weren’t working
25
Q

Stats: Encirclement Campaigns

A
  • September 1934: 60 of 70 Communist counties had fallen
26
Q

Views: Encirclement Campaigns

A

Chiang:

  • The Japanese are a disease of the skin;they can be cured. The Communists are a disease of the soul: it affects the whole body

Peng Duhuai to Braun:

  • Your plan has produced heavy casualties… Do you feel no pain in your heart?’
27
Q

Event: The Long March/Zunyi Conference

A
  • 16 October 1934: 80,000 soldiers and 20,000 CCP support staff leave
  • Arrival at Zunyi: Conference held, criticising Bo Gu and Braun
    • Mao’s ascendancy; promoted back to the Politburo
  • Marching North to fight the Japanese
28
Q

Stats: The Long March/Zunyi Conference

A

Of 100,000 leaving Jiangxi, only 7000-8000 survived

29
Q

Views: The Long March/Zunyi Conference

A

Braun:

  • Central Triad of the faction which waged a subversive struggle to take over the Party and Army leadership

Zhou Enlai:

  • Mao had ‘been right all the time and we should listen to him’

Short:

  • Mao’s [sound planning] confounded Chiang Kai-shek’s planners and perplexed even many of his own commanders’

Snow:

  • The biggest armed propaganda tour in history
30
Q

Event: The Xi’an Incident

A
  • Chiang kidnapped December 1936
  • Grudgingly agreed to a cease-fire and establishment of a second united front with the Communists
  • Second United Front established September 1937
31
Q

Consequences: The Xi’an Incident

A

Establishment of Eighth Route Army and New Fourth Army

China AOS1 (TF) (5 decks)

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