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Britain 1906-1957 > 1923-1929: the search for stability > Flashcards

1923-1929: the search for stability Flashcards

1
Q

What happened to Bonar Law?

A

He was forced to resign after only eight months

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2
Q

What did Stanley Baldwin call another election in 1923?

A

He believed the best way to tackle unemployment was to return to a policy of protection and called another election on the issue of tariff reform in order to get a mandate for his plans

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3
Q

What happened to Baldwin?

A

Forced to reign in January 1924 after a vote of no confidence

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4
Q

What was the result of the 1923 election?

A

A Labour minority government, depending on the support of the Liberals, was now formed under Ramsay MacDonald

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5
Q

Why did the Labour number of seats increase causing them to win the 1923 election?

A
  • Working-class voters now switched allegiance from the Liberal to the Labour Party: labor’s policies were much more relevant to the post-war needs
  • The Labour Party was now well-organized and well-funded. It had improved its constituencies during the war and it gained additional funds from TUC’s
  • The Labour Party had gained experience and credibility due to involvement in the war cabinet
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6
Q

What were the achievements of the Conservative government of 1922-3?

A
  • Housing Act which awarded a subsidy of 6 pound per annum for every house built for the next 20 years.
  • The British Foreign secretary successfully replaced the post-war Treaty of Lausanne with the Treat of Sevres.
  • The issue of war debts to the USA was dealt with
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7
Q

What was the main aim of the 1924 Labour Government?

A

To ‘gain the confidence of the country’ through avoiding radical policies and showing Labour’s capabilities of running the government of keeping he British Empire safe. They also showed that they would not be dictated by trade unions

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8
Q

What minor changes were made by Labour in 1924?

A

In the area of social services: old age pensions and unemployment benefits were raised nd state scholarships to universities revived

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9
Q

Who was the labour Chancellor of the Exchequer?

A

Phillip Snowden - he despised borrowing money and was determined to keep expenditure low

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10
Q

What was one of the Labour Governments major successes in 1924?

A

Tackling housing through Wheatley’ Housing Act
> subsidies increased from 6 to 9 pound per annum
> Paid for 40yrs rather than 20yrs
> Houses for rent rather than sale to benefit w/c
> 500,000 houses were built by 1933

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11
Q

Who was the Minister of Health?

A

John Wheatley

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12
Q

What, in terms of foreign policy, was seen as ‘a great success’ for MacDonald?

A

The Dawes Plan = reduced German reparations and negotiated withdrawal of the French from Ruhr. MacDonald’s handling of the conference helped to secure the agreement

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13
Q

What deal gave the Conservatives and Liberals the opportunity to attack Labour as being ‘too soft on communism’?

A

A commercial treaty negotiation between Britain and Russia involving Russia receiving a 30 million loan in return for compensating Britain’s assists seized during the Communist revolution in 1917

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14
Q

What other factors caused the downfall of the first Labour Government?

A
  1. Campbell Case handling in September 1924 - accused with interfering with the justice system
  2. Zinoviev Letter -sent from leadership of USSR
  3. ‘Too soft on Communism’
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15
Q

Reasons for the resurgence of the Conservative Party in 1924

A
  1. Electoral Change - extension of the franchise
  2. Post-war events in Ireland - loss of support from Irish Nationalists for Liberals
  3. Broad-based support - moderate and unified
  4. Funding - upper/middle class helped conduct highly organized election campaigns
  5. Newspaper support - favourable coverage
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16
Q

What years was the Conservative government under Baldwin?

A

1924 to 1929

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17
Q

Who did Baldwin appoint as Chancellor of the Exchequer?

A

Churchill

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18
Q

What did the unemployed become known as in this period?

A

‘the intractable million’

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19
Q

What did coming back on the Gold Standard (by Churchill) mean for Britain?

A

The pound was restored and its value was increased by 10% which caused many economic problems for Britain including further growth in unemployment

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20
Q

The Gold Standard is a system where…

A

the currency is tied to gold

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21
Q

Why did Churchill initially move from Conservative to Liberal in 1904?

A

Due to the issue of Tariff reform of which he did not support

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22
Q

Who was the Minister of Health under Baldwin’s Government?

A

Neville Chamberlain

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23
Q

Give examples of some of Chamberlains reforms?

A
  1. A Contributory Old Age Pension - workers and wives received 10s a week at the age of 65
  2. National Insurance Act - in 1925 meant that unemployment insurance could be claimed as long as the worker was ‘genuinely seeking work’
  3. Local Government Act of 1929 - gave local authorities extra duties (e.g. roads, public health, maternity leave and child care) > this act ENDED THE POOR LAW
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24
Q

What was it hoped that de-rating of factories would do?

A

Stimulate industry and make employers more willing to take on extra workers.

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25
Q

How did the Poor Law come to an end under the Conservatives?

A

The Local Government Act in 1929 abolished Boards of Guardians and phased out workhouses.

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26
Q

When was the Local Government Act introduced?

A

1929

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27
Q

What reform substantially improved the efficiency of the electrical industry?

A

The 1926 Electricity Act which created modern power stations and effective power grids.

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28
Q

What was also establishment in 1926 that transformed entertainment in Britain?

A

The BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) > set up national radio broadcasting

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29
Q

When was the vote given to women aged 21 and over which increased the electorate from 22 million to 29 million?

A

In 1928 Representation of the People’s Act

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30
Q

What did Chamberlain’s social reforms cause him to become known as?

A

‘the most effective social reformer of the inter war years’

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31
Q

What did Baldwin believe in?

A

He was a ‘one nation’ conservative who believed it was the duty of the more wealthy to carry out social reform to prevent divisions in society

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32
Q

What did much of Britain come to a halt in 1926?

A

Due to the General Strike > steel, coal, iron, docks, ships, chemical and newspaper

33
Q

What action did the Conservatives take once in power about Labour being ‘too soft with communism’?

A

in 1924, the Conservative government breaks off relations with Soviet Russia ending the trade agreement

34
Q

What were the major problems with the coal mines?

A

Conditions remained poor and pay low. It was also very dangerous with 3603 miners killed between 1922 and 1924 and around 600,000 were injured

35
Q

What was the Emergency Powers Act in 1920?

A

Introduced during Lloyd George`s coalition government and it gave the government wide authority and extra powers during a crisis in which essential services were being disrupted (e.g. the General Strike in 1926)

36
Q

The main failure of the General strike was…

A

that the TUC leadership was not organized enough and many workers had different aims of the strike

37
Q

As a result of the General Strike, how much did the trade union membership drop to in 1927?

A

Under 5 million

38
Q

What was the result of the General Strike for the miners?

A

Many strikers faced penalties, many were forced to sign settlements declaring they would not strike again, some were demoted and some lost their jobs

39
Q

Give some examples of legislation that that gave women greater legal equality

A
  1. Sex disqualification Act in 1919
  2. Representation of the people’s act in 1918 and 1928
  3. 1926 Law of Property - same terms as men
  4. Guardianship of Infants Act - both parents jointly
40
Q

Throughout the 1920s, what did the government encourage women to do?

A

Stay at home and have babies - ‘traditional woman’

41
Q

Who was the first female cabinet minister in the Second Labour government

A

Margaret Bondfield

42
Q

How many people owned Radio’s in 1926?

A

2 million people

43
Q

Give details about the Zinoviev letter as a reason for the downfall of Labour

A

Caused a further link to communism as the Daily Mail published the ‘Zinoviev Letter’, supposedly sent from the leadership of the USSR to the British Communist party and urged them to infiltrate the Labour Party and use it to bring down the British State

44
Q

Who were the first party to employ an advertising agency for an election and when?

A

The Conservative party and for the 1929 election

45
Q

What report was issued in March 1926 that rejected nationalization and proved a disappointment to unions?

A

The Samuel Report

46
Q

What was the name of the newspaper the TUC introduced to promote their own views towards the General Strike purpose?

A

‘The British Worker’

47
Q

When did the TUC call the General Strike off unconditionally causing the miners to fight alone?

A

12 May 1926

48
Q

Why did the handling of the General Strike by the TUC’s aid Labour’s victory I the 1929 election?

A

As they negotiated with employers and the image of ‘moderation’ allowed Trade Unions to remain a powerful element in British politics and economy

49
Q

Why did the unions turn against Baldwin and the Conservative party after 1926?

A

Due to the 1927 Trade Disputes Act. This impacted the 1929 general election results

50
Q

How many women were employed as typists or clerks by 1921?

A

Over 1 million

51
Q

Who became the first woman MP in a by-election?

A

Nancy Astor

52
Q

Which society lobbied parliament to gain further legislative equality, such as welfare benefits for married women?

A

The National Union for the Societies of Equal Citizenship (NUSEC) led by Eleanor Rathbone

53
Q

What did Labour’s women’s groups do at local level?

A

Helped educate working class women by holding lectures and discussion groups on a wide range of topics. Some of these flourished into campaigns such as the Peace Ballot in the 1930s

54
Q

What was set up in rural area’s that allowed women to meet other women and organize charitable events?

A

Women’s Institutes (WI)

55
Q

What new fashions and new freedoms were expressed by women post-war?

A

The ‘flappers’ - short bobs and short skirts, jewellery
Smoking, make-up, dancehalls, cinema
Also gained the vote - the ‘flapper’ vote due to the extension of the franchise in 1918

56
Q

What was the new fashions in Britain a sign of?

A

A visual sign of loosening of the social restraints upon women as they were seen in public more often and, they began to smoke, wear make-up, and go tot he cinema or dancehalls on their own

57
Q

What was the most important type of mass communication in the 1920s?

A

The Newspaper

58
Q

What is the name of the great British star of the silent movies who made his name in the USA?

A

Charlie Chaplin

59
Q

What was ‘Dada’?

A

An art movement which protested against the bourgeois and nationalists who they believed caused the war

60
Q

After the war, what was there widespread support for?

A
  • Disarmament
  • The League of Nations
  • The Remembrance poppy
61
Q

Give examples of how the media discredited young women for gaining the vote

A

The Daily Mail and the Daily Telegraph warned their readers that the modern young woman of the 1920s who were known as the ‘flappers’ were unsuitable for such serious issues such as voting

62
Q

What won Balfour over the cause of equal voting?

A

That most women were voting Conservative over Labour, and that women were playing a key role in fundraising the party

63
Q

What was Baldwin’s campaign slogan in 1929?

A

‘Safety First’

64
Q

What was Baldwin’s general message in the 1929 election campaign?

A

That he was ‘the Man you can Trust’ and that he was an honest Politian however there were no new radical ideas to combat unemployment

65
Q

What was Labour proposing as a result of them winning the election campaign in 1929?

A

a ‘ Socialist Commonwealth’

66
Q

What was the Liberal parties slogan in the 1929 election?

A

‘we can conquer unemployment’

67
Q

How had Lloyd George re-organized the Liberal party by 1929?

A

They had £40,000 of Lloyd George’s own private funds to help fight the 1929 election and worked out an economic strategy with the economist John Maynard Keynes. It was a radical strategy

68
Q

What did Labour achieve for the first time in the 1929 election?

A

A majority of seats in the House of Commons

69
Q

The success of Labour was due to several factor such as:

A
  • Macdonald’s moderate policies seemed to convince the electorate that he could be trusted
  • The appeal of ‘Safety First’ for Baldwin was limited
  • It seemed Labour would be best at tackling the key problem in Britain at the time - unemployment
  • The Liberals suffered form the first past the post system
70
Q

Who was put in charge of the foreign office under Macdonald?

A

Arthur Henderson

71
Q

Who became Minister of Labour?

A

Margaret Bondfield

72
Q

What were the main aims of the new Labour government in 1929?

A

To build council houses, raise the school leaving age to 15, take government control over London transport, and tackle unemployment

73
Q

Who returned as Chancellor of the Exchequer under MacDonald in 1929?

A

Snowden (Phillip)

74
Q

What disaster in America caused an international economic crisis?

A

The Wall Street Crash in 1929

75
Q

What did the 1929 election show about the situation of the Liberal Party?

A

That they were in decline and were unlikely to be able to return to its position as one of the two major parties.

76
Q

What only advantage did the Conservatives have after the loss to Labour in the 1929 election?

A

They were still backed by the majority of newspapers, by businesses, by the middle class and many of the working class.

77
Q

What were the key concerns economically for Labour in 1929?

A
  • The decline in staple industries
  • High unemployment
  • The Gold Standard
78
Q

What is the period between WW1 and WW2 better known as?

A

The Interwar years

79
Q

What effect did WW1 have on the position of Britain on the global stage by 1929?

A

It destroyed Britain’s position as the leading power and threatened the Empire’s existence

Britain 1906-1957 (10 decks)

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