Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ENDO > 192/194 puberty and growth > Flashcards

192/194 puberty and growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty?

A

maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

transition from sexually immature to potentially fertile

iwhere secondary sexs characteristics appear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is adrenarche?

A

maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pubarche?

A

first appearance of pubic hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is thelarche?

A

first appearance of breast tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is menarche?

A

first menstrual period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pulsatile release of _______ from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of _______ and ______ from the pituitary gland.

A

Pulsatile release of GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the “mini-puberty of infancy”?

A

a mini puberty where GnRH stimulates LH and FSH release shortly after birth until 6-12 months of age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which neuropeptides are the gatekeepers of puberty?

A

neurokinin B and kisspeptin

NKB activates kisspeptin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the relationship between puberty and adrenarche?

A

they are separate processes, but generally occur around the same time (but adrenarche usually precedes puberty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Is pubic hair a sign of puberty?

A

no - it is a sign of pubarche (a subset of adrenarche, which is separate from puberty)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Tanner stage 1?

A

prepubertal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the timeline for early puberty in girls? Boys?

A

signs of thelarche in a girl prior to 7-8 years old

testicular enlargment in a boy prior to 9 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the timeline for delayed puberty in girls? Boys?

A

lack of secondary sex characteristics by age 13 in girls and 15 in boys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is menarche considered early? Late?

A

early = before 9.5 years old

late = after 16 years old

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the cause of central precocious puberty?

A

gonadotropin release prior to age 7/8 in girls or 9 in boys

can be caused by intracranial lesions, neurofibromatosis, hydrocephalus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cause of peripheral percocious puberty?

A

gonadotropin independent precocious puberty where sex steroids are produced without gonadotropin stimulation

can be caused by ovarian cysts, McCune-Albright syndrome, testotoxicosis, familial causes, or gonadal/adrenal tumors

17
Q

What is McCune Albright syndome?

A

peripheral precocious puberty + cafe-au-lait spots + polyostotic fibrous dysplasia

18
Q

What is the cause of late puberty?

A

temporary hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to lack of activation of the HPG axis

could also be primary hypogonadosim (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism)

19
Q

What are causes of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?

A

constitutional delay of growth, inadqeuate energy (ex. anorexia), Kallmann syndrome, Kisspeptin mutation, interrupted puberty

20
Q

What is Kallmann syndrome?

A

a cause of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism associated with anosmia due to failure of olfactory placodes and GnRH neurons to migrate prenatally

21
Q

What are causes of primary gonadal failure/hypergonadotropic hypogonadism?

A

chromosomal abnormalities (klinefelter syndrome, turner syndrome)

trauma to both gonads

autoimmune destruction

22
Q

During which periods of childhood are LH, FSH, and sex steroids elevated?

A

fetal life, infancy, puberty

23
Q

GPR54 knockout mice have which of the following?

a) central precocious puberty
b) delayed puberty in females
c) gonadotropin independent precocious puberty
d) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

A

d) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism

24
Q

A 7 yo boy presents with body odor and pubic hair for the last 6 months. Is this precocious puberty, premature pubarche, or premature adrenarche?

A

premature pubarche with other signs of adrenarche (but can’t say for sure without biochemical evidence)

25
Q

An 8 yo Caucasian girl presents with breast development, left greater than right, over the past year. Her mother had menarche at 15 and her father remembers pubertal timing being normal. Examination reveals left breast is Tanner 2 and right is Tanner 3. What would be your evaluation and next step?

a) this is normal development; reassure parents
b) asymmetric breast development is concerning for cancer; recommend ultrasound of breast tissue
c) this is premature thelarche; evalutation should be done for precocious puberty

A

c) this is premature thelarche; evalutation should be done for precocious puberty

26
Q

What is the major endocrine regulator of growth during fetal life?

A

insulin

pituitary hormones do not have a significant impact on growth during fetal development

27
Q

Which hormone that is important for growth during childhood is secreted in a pulsatile manner?

A

growth hormone

28
Q

What are the main effects of thyroid hormone during growth and development of infancy/childhood?

A

acts on epiphyseal cartilage, which promotes chondrocyte proliferation and ephiphyseal fusion

29
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on bone?

A

increases osteoclast differentiation and activity, increases osteoblast activity, increases bone mass via endochondral bone formation

30
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on muscle?

A

increased amino acid transport, increased nitrogen retention, increased lean mass, increased energy expenditure

31
Q

What is the effect of growth hormone on adipose tissue?

A

increased lipolysis, decreased lipogenesis

32
Q

When are IGF-1 levels at their highest levels?

A

during puberty

33
Q

Infants less than 2 years old are measured ____________, children greater than 2 years old are measured ___________.

A

Infants less than 2 years old are measured laying down on a length board, children greater than 2 years old are measured standing with a stadiometer.

34
Q

What are the clinical red flags for growth?

A

height < 3rd percentile

height significantly below genetic potential

abnormally slow growth rate

downwardly crossing percentile channels after 18 months to 2 years of age

35
Q

What is the difference in growth rate between primary and secondary growth disorders?

A

primary growth disorders: linear growth rate is normal initially but slows down when bones fuse OR growth can be along the growth curve and then stops sooner than a normal child

secondary growth disorders:slow linear growth rates with delayed bone age

36
Q

What are the normal growth rates during infancy, childhood, adolescence?

A

0-12 months: 25 cm/yr

12-24 months: 12.5 cm/yr

2 years - onset of puberty: 6-8 cm/yr

pubertal peak: 9-10 cm/yr

37
Q

Name causes of primary growth abnormalities?

A

osteochondrodysplasias, down syndrome, turner syndrome, russel silver syndrome

38
Q

What is the difference in growth curve between congenital and acquired GH hormone deficiency?

A

congenital = normal in the first few months of life, but then slows around 9-12 months of age; weight is maintained

acquired = normal growth rate prior to deficiency, will cross down and then cease eventually

ENDO (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions