1918-24 post civil war - unit 2

Question 1

Why was there a famine in 1920 and 1921?

Answer 1

Drought and the government policies of requisitioning which left peasants with nothing.

Question 2

Why did Lenin need to launch NEP? (Tick all that apply)

Answer 2

Rebellions (Tambov and Kronstadt)

Question 3

Just because the economy was liberated, did that mean politically it did too?

Answer 3

No

Question 4

What was the ban on factions passed in 1921?

Answer 4

Ban on groups within the party coming together over key issues

Question 5

What was the impact of the ban on factions?

Answer 5

Greater centralisation

Question 6

What was democratic centralism?

Answer 6

Other parties were banned and L and the politiburo’s decisions had to be supported

Question 7

What was the Rapallo Treaty?

Answer 7

An agreement signed in 1922 between Germany and Russia to cooperate economically, diplomatically and Germany could use Russian military training grounds

Question 8

What was the Rapallo Treaty?

Answer 8

An agreement signed in 1922 between Germany and Russia to cooperate economically, diplomatically and Germany could use Russian military training grounds.

Question 9

What did the Rapallo Treaty become in 1922?

Answer 9

The Treaty of Berlin, which contained a non-aggression Pact

Question 10

What was the nomenklatura system?

Answer 10

A system introduced in 1923 where a pool of loyal people was created where all key jobs were chosen from

Question 11

What was the Russo-Polish War and who won?

Answer 11

Russia versus Poland, Poland won

Question 12

How did Lenin maintain political control in 1921?

Answer 12

GPU (old cheka)

Question 13

What was the Tambov revolt?

Answer 13

Autumn 1920 peasants led a rebellion against grain requisitioning and Cheka brutality. By Jan 1921 Antov, the leader had a force of 50,000. The revolt spread during the spring and their were peasant attacks on the grain stores along the Volga rivers

Question 14

What was the Kronstadt rising?

Answer 14

Sailors at the naval base, previously loyal to the Bolsheviks started a rebellion about the Communist suppression of strikes in Petrograd. The sailors demanded reforms which would turn Russia into a soviet democracy It was violently put down.

Question 15

Why was NEP introduced?

Answer 15

The Tambov revolt - the largest peasant result since the 1700s and Kronstadt - the most loyal supporters, plus divisions within the communist party led to a political crisis - new direction needed.

Question 16

What was NEP?

Answer 16

Ended war communism
End to grain requisitioning - peasants could buy, sell and produce freely. GR was replaced by a tax in kind

Small factories and workshops were denationalised and they could trade freely. Many went back to their former capitalist owners
Large factories and major industries remained nationalised
Money was re-introduced

Question 17

HOw did this go down with the peassants?

Answer 17

Ending Grain requisitioning was popular with the peasants
Free trade encouraged peasants to grow more
The famine ended and farming revived compared to 1921
However the grain harvest didn’t reach 1913 levels, in 1924 = 51.4 tons, but in 1913 it was 80

Question 18

What was the impact of NEP on industry?

Answer 18

NEP led to industrial growth
Lenin authorised a major electrification campaign and revived this area that was largely destroyed during the civil war
However, industrial recovery was slow not exceeding 1913 levels until 1926

Question 19

What was the Comintern?

Answer 19

Established in March 1919 to promote worldwide revolution.
Lenin wanted to create Communist parties abroad, loyal to Moscow and overthrow foreign powers

Question 20

What were the terms of the Rapallo treaty?

Answer 20

Both nations promised to cooperation in a spirit of good will to meet the economic needs of both countries
Re-establishment of diplomatic relations between Russia and Germany
Russia provided military training grounds and resources
Russia would be allowed special training rights in Germany

Question 21

How successful was Lenin by the time of his death in 1924?

Answer 21

Promised peace, bread and land but led Russia into a brutal civil war and his policies created a famine
Soviet democracy was usurped by the party

NEP was unpopular within the communist party because it looked like capitalism
BUT
Lenin had achieved his goal of the communists seizing power and retaining it. He hoped this would lead to world communism.

Question 22

When does Russia become the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)?

Answer 22

1929 - it was a multi-national Communist state in which each republic would possess its own government as part of a federal structure

Question 23

What did the party think of NEP?

Question 24

What was the impact of NEP?

Answer 24

Free market emerged and peasants were happy to buy and sell freely, they paid a tax in kind instead

Small factories are de-nationalised

Large factories remained nationalised

Strong economic growth

electrification campaign began

Farming was revived

Question 25

What was the red terror?

Answer 25

Control of the population during the civil war period

Use of the Cheka to control Russians, whites who they wanted to lead troops.

Started after the assessination attempt August 1918

Mass repression - cheka, red army.

Deaths - officially 13,000 ememies of communicsm, but estimates put it neaer 500,000