1900 - present Flashcards
what were new types of smuggling
- drug smuggling
- people smuggling
what existing crimes were decriminilised
- abortion - 1967 acbrotion act
- homosexual acts
why si cyber crime difficult to prevent
criminals commit crimes from a distance - another country - harder to catch criminals
what are examples of cyber crime
scamming
theft
fraud
hacking
why were laws against racism needed
more immigration especially after WW2 arrived in Britian and faced lots of discrimination which made the government realise new laws needed to be put in place
the _____ race relation act made it a crime to discriminate in certain public places
1965
the _____ misue of drugs act made it illegal to sell, _______ or _______ drugs
1971
possess
manufacture
what crimes have been introduced because of the development of cars
- drunk driving
- speed limits
- mobile phones
- under influence of drugs
who were people who refused to fight in war called
conscientious objectors
when was conscription introduced ( which act and when)
and what did it mean
WW1
1916 military service act
it meant that all single men aged 18 to 41 had to serve unless ill or current job was important to war efforts
for what reasons did people become conscientious objectors
- some didn’t believe that war should be fought due to political objections
- some didn’t believer in taking the life of others
- some felt fighting was against their religious or moral beleifs
what was a punishment for those who refuse to be conscripted and what was it like
WW1
they could be sent to prison
- harsh conditions - sent a message to others
- hard labour - over 70 COs died in prison
- many others were put on farms + factories
what was the non-combatant corps
WW1
british army set up
COs - non-violent war related activities - building roads
what were attitudes towards conscientious objectors
WW1
- criticised by other solders public
- those who joined NNC criticised By COs for supporting war effort
- negative
- conchies
- white feather as a sign of cowardice
what was the treatment of conscientious objects after the war
WW1
werent allowed to vote until 1926
prisoners werent released untl several months after war ended
where there more or less conscientious objectors in WW2
more
when was the neighbour hood watch established in the UK
1982
what is the neighbourhood watch
- encourages local people to work together by reporting suspicious behaviour and sharing info
what is a PCSO and when was it introduced
police community support officer
2002
- act as visible police presence in communities
- dont have same power as ordinary police
- patrol a beat
- interact with public
what are examples of police special units
- firearm
- dog handling
- terrorism
- drug sqaud
- forensics
when was the first national police college set up
1947
what are specialists units
highly trained police forces for special situations
how has advances in technology changed how police works
- forencis
- finger print - 1902
- DNA
- transport - bicycle,car,boats,helicopter
- communication technology - car radio, 99 system
- CCTV
- ## computer systems - record keeping
when was death penalty abolished
1960s
what are examples of groups that campaigned against the use of the death penalty
- howard league
- national council for the abolition of the death penalty
arguments for death penalty
- cheaper than prison
- ultimate deterrent - convincing others not to commit murder
- some murders so appalling death penalty was only way for society to get retribution
- executing murders is the only way to ensure no longer threat
arguments against death penalty
- didn’t prevent unplanned killings
- wasnt seen as a dettrent murder still happened
- uncivilised- went against moral + religious
- mistakes and innocent person could die
what did the royal commission do and when about the death penalty
in 1953
- recommended changing law to remove death penalty for under 21 and mentally ill
but didn’t recommend abolishing it unless public wanted it
who was timothy evans and what did he do
1950 he was hanged for killing wife and child
- insisted man called john Christie killed them
- 3 years later evidence emerged that he didn’t kill them and christie did
who was ruth elis
hanged in 1955 for killing abusive boyfriend
- public sympathised
- her execution received negativity coverage
the ____ ________ act introduced different kinds of punishments for different types of murders
1957
homicide
what were mitigating factors around derek bentley
- mental age of 11
- illiterate
derek bentley case study
before trial
- 1992 19 yr old bentley + 16 yr old craig burgle ware house
- police arrived and got them on roof
- bentley was detainted
- bentley broke free and yelled ‘ let him have it’
- craig fired gun
- police officer killed
derek bentley case study
during trial
- both arrested for murder
- jury found bentley and craig guilty of murder
- craig was 16 so could be be punished for murder
- bentley was 19 so was sentaced to death
- he was hanged 1953
whata re the arguments that derek bentley may ahve been innocent
- let him have it - let craig have the gun
- derek stayed by the detectives side when he was detianed
what wre public attitudes towards derek bentley
- protests
- supporters gathered around parliment and around prison he was in
- media presented widespread coverage
- campaign to clear his name
what were open prisons and when were they introduced
- greater freedom
- allowed work outside
- 1933
- designed to help prisoners to prepare to go back to society
modern prisons focused of reducing __________ ______by providing inamtes with _________ and _______
re-offending
rates
education
skills
what are alternatives to prison
- probabtion - part of sentanc eoutside prision - 1907
- parole - wellbeahved - leave early -1967
- coumminty service -1972
- electronic tagging
what is a borstal and when was it first opened
- young offenders detetion center
- -1902
what were juvinille courts and when were they introduced
1908
children were tried seperatley from adults
