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history china > 1900-1949 > Flashcards

1900-1949 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who was china ruled by in 1900

A

qing emporer guangxu
+ domineering aunt cixi

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2
Q

what was religion like in the qing dynasty

A

qing was Manchu, a minority so were seen as foreigners

majority Han

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3
Q

How was the Qing dynasty

A

they mostly respected bc of mandate of heaven although they had weak leadership so were taken advantage of by foreigners from the west and Japan

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4
Q

How was China taken advantage of?

A

secured advantageous trading privileges because of superior weaponry
for tea, sugar, silk and opium

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5
Q

opposition to china

A
  • buddhist peasants were resentful of the ‘foreign devils’
  • no industry so all peasants worked in agriculture
  • frequent natural disasters like famine + floods
  • no democracy
  • little education
  • women had little rights, bought and sold, forced into arranged marriages, accept foot binding to conform to beauty standard
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6
Q

who were the mandarins?

A

the most privileged group in society beyond the royal family, they ran the government and enjoyed special privileges

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7
Q

when was the boxer revolt?

A

nov 1899

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8
Q

who were the boxers?

A

a secret society made up of chinese peasants who resented foreign influence
eg spread of christianity

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9
Q

What did the Boxers superstitiously believe?

A

-western built railways would awaken dragons
- telegraph poles spread disease
- they were bulletproof

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10
Q

what was the boxer revolt?

A

1899, the buddhist boxers attacked foreigners and chinese christian’s (killing 200)
emperor cixi decided to support the boxers, modern weapons of the foreigners crushed the revolt killing 100,000
cixi was forced into exile until 1902
british french and americans forced china to pay reparations of £67million
and to get rid of chinas defensive fortess

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11
Q

Why were the self strengthening reforms introduced?

A

to maintain power and restore qing popularity

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12
Q

what were the self strengthening reforms?

A
  • national consulatative council introduced to increase democracy and advise the government
  • civil service exams were abolished to reduce the dominance of mandarins
  • provincial assembly introduced
  • social reforms banned foot binding and provide scholarships for students to be educated abroad
  • railways nationalised
  • a new army was created to secure manchu control of china
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13
Q

When did Guangxu and Cixi die?

A

1908

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14
Q

what caused the 1911 revolution?

A

Emperor Puyi was 2 yo and his regent lacked authority and was inexperienced
increased taxes on tea, wine, salt and land to pay for army reforms and reparations

new nationalist ideas becoming popular, spread by students like sun-yat-sen who studied abroad
they believed that the boxer revolt proved the qing were too weak the stand up to foreign powers

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15
Q

effects of self strengthening reforms

A

only 0.4% of the population could vote in provincial assemblies and changed were delayed 9 years
the National consultative council were still dominated by manchus with the Han only having a minor role

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16
Q

what was the 1911 revolution

A

the new army revolted, Han soldiers massacred Manchus in Wuhan
Yuan Shikai failed to crush the revolt to joined it forcing puyi to abdicate in feb 1912
end of dynasty

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17
Q

What did Yuan Shikai do after boxer revolt?

A

became president of the republic of China because he had more military support than Sun Yat Sen
in 1915 he rejected democracy and ruled as a dictator
He was unpopular for agreeing to the 21 demands 1915 which increased japans control over Chinas natural resources and for making himself emporer

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18
Q

What caused the warlord era

A

Yuan Shikais death in 1916
no general was strong enough to rule all of China

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19
Q

What did the warlords do?

A

raised taxes, stole tools and crops from peasants, increased cultivation of opium to make money despite the social problems, failed to help people when natural disasters like flooding happened
used private armies to fight eachother and oppression people
gave foreign powers increased influence in return to bribed

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20
Q

What did students protest in the may the fourth movement?

A

after ww1 the western powers gave germanys chinese territory to japan in the treaty of versailles
shows china was still being exploited

they wanted freedom, democracy and an end to foreign determination

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21
Q

what was the may the fourth movement?

A

students protested in Tiananmen square as members of the movement and the chinese government agreed to reject to treaty
later these students inspired to help establish CCP and GMD

22
Q

what were the origins of the GMD

A

The nationalist guomindang were established in 1919 and led by SUN YAT SEN
wanted the three principles of the people: end foreign domination, democratically choose leaders, reduce poverty by developing state owned industries

23
Q

when was the may the fourth movement

A

1919

24
Q

what was the NRA?

A

new republican army set up to destroy warlords so GMD could come into power

25
Q

What happened when Sun Yat-Sen died?

A

in 1925, Chiang Kai-shek took over, his plans for political change were less radical so increased support from the public

26
Q

What was the CCP inspired by

A

the successful communist revolution in Russia

27
Q

What did the CCP believe?

A

no person would benefit from the work of others, set up a system based on equality
the USSR supported them with $5000 a year in funding

28
Q

how did the united front form?

A

the USSR commanded the CCP join the GMD in 1923 to defeat the warlords

29
Q

how did the soviet’s help to defeat the warlords?

A

they provided money, weaponry and tactical advice
like the NRA surround each warlord one by one and cut off the supplies before destroying them

30
Q

what was the northern expedition?

A

launched against the warlords in 1926
part of the united front

31
Q

what techniques were used against the warlords to defeat them

A

surround them and cut off supplies
Chiang Kai-Shek bribed warlords to submit to the GMD
CCP won the support of peasants and made sure the NRA treated them with respect

32
Q

How was the NRA able to capture Shanghai

A

as the NRA treated peasant with respect, the CCP was able to convince local workers to go on strike

33
Q

How was the campaign won?

A

when the NRA captured Beijing
Chiang and the GMD now ruled China from the new capital in nanjing

34
Q

why did China not want communism

A

he came from a wealthy background and depended on the support of businessmen for funding
so he could not overthrow capitalism and reverse the social order

35
Q

How did China betray the communists

A

by ordering the Shanghai massacre of 5000 communists in 1927

36
Q

why did Chiang launch the extermination campaigns

A

as the surviving members of the CCP took refuge in the mountainous Jiangxi province
so he launched 5 extermination campaigns to eliminate the members in Jiangxi

37
Q

what happened on the first extermination campaign?

A

failed, the better equipped and more numerous NRA advanced slowly to avoid CCP ambushes
but their troops starved and caught dysentery from drinking dirty water
they took out their frustration on local peasants, stealing their food and burning their villages for aiding the CCP
1 million peasants were killed by the NRA in this time

38
Q

what happened in the 5th campaign?

A

with german advice, the NRA surrounded Jiangxi to cute off supplies and used bonber planes to wear down the CCP
they then advanced and used scorched earth tactics (destroys food or shelter that cld be used by the CCP)
60,000 communists were killed

39
Q

what was the long march

A

80,000 communists escaped the encirclement but bribing one of CHINGS enemies in the GMD to let them get away

40
Q

what happened in the long march

A

80,000 communists marched for a year with aid from peasants
disease from drinking dirty water, extreme temperatures, starvation, attacks by the GMD and crossing dangerous mountainous terrain meant that only 10,000 CCP members made it to Yan’an

41
Q

effects of the long march

A

only 10,000 made it out from 80,000
Mao Zedong emerged as leader
the long march was great propaganda, a myth of heroic survival

42
Q

How did the Japanese justify their invasion of Manchuria?

A

they staged a bombing of their own railway line in Manchuria and blamed it on the Chinese

43
Q

Why did Japan want war?

A

so they could steal Chinas natural resources as Chiangs nationalist government was too weak to stop them

44
Q

What did Japan initially do?

A

they renamed the province and made Puyi a puppet ruler

45
Q

what happened when Japan launched an invasion in the rest of China

A

Beijing and Shanghai were captured
In Nanjing 300,000 chinese were killed and 20,000 women and girls raped by Japanese soldiers

46
Q

How did China fight back against Japan?

A

they formed a second united front
although Chiang constantly undermined it by instead attacking the CCP rather than the japanese

the GMD soldiers were conscripted for the NRA, ill disciplined and had low morale
The CCP were much more determined, they used effective guerrilla tactics, and were respectful to peasants and landlords so received food, shelter and intelligence

47
Q

How did the Japanese war end?

A

The USA joined the war in 1941 after the attack on pearl harbour, Japan were forced to surrender and leave China after dropping Abombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki

48
Q

How did the civil war go?
for CCP

A

once Japan was defeated the civi war continued
The GMD did well initially, but the well disciplined People’s liberation army effectively used guerilla tactics
The CCP rose in popularity to 1.2 million due to their patriotic opposition to Japan during WW2
They continued to treat peasants well by giving them land from rich landlords and gained supplies in return
They used propaganda to convince a communist victory would improve China
the CCP was victorious and Mao emerged as leader

49
Q

How did the GMD do in the civil war?

A

Chiang was viewed as a dictator and failed to implement Sun Yatsens 3 principles of the people
corruption by GMD officials meant Chiang lacked money so printed more, lost the support of middle class savers
he was a poor military leader

50
Q

what happened in the Battle of Huai-hai

A

Chiang refused to retreat despite being encircled and low on supplies,
as a result he lost 200,000 men and control of central China
this allowed the PLA to advance on Nanjing and Shanghai
many in the NRA switched sides to the CCP
USA stopped providing support for the GMD and Chiang fled to Taiwan

history china (2 decks)

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