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AS Level British History > 1900-1906 > Flashcards

1900-1906 Flashcards

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0
Q

How many seats did the conservatives get in the 1900 election

A

334

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1
Q

How many seats did the conservatives get in the 1900 election

A

334

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2
Q

How many seats did the INP get in the 1900 election

A

82

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3
Q

How many seats did the Labour Party get in the 1900 election

A

2

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4
Q

When was the boer war

A

1899-1902

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5
Q

In the 1900 what countries were in the British empire

A

Canada, Australia, India, South Africa, east Africa, New Zealand

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6
Q

What was the position of Gb by 1900 politically

A

Monarch strong force in politics
House of Commons- elected in
House of Lords- appointed by queen
Men could vote as long as they owned a property

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7
Q

What was the position of Gb by 1900 economically

A

Mid Victorian boom
1850’s followed a policy of free trade and laizzez faire economics
Rivals Germany (education and engineering) and America ( agriculture for cheap grain)

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8
Q

What was the position of Gb by 1900 internationally

A

Largest empire in the world
Key issues in Africa and India. Africa held last land left to be colonised- Germany interested in
India “jewel in the crown”

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9
Q

What was the position of Gb by 1900 socially

A

Official religion was Anglican, those who weren’t were called non conformists
3 classes- landowning, middle class, working class ( split into 2 section factory and unskilled)
Ethos that if you were poor it was because you were lazy
Women increased employment, suffragette movement

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10
Q

What was the population in Britain C.1900

A

38 million

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11
Q

What w the British army size in C.1900

A

975,000

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12
Q

Who did surveys on poverty C.1900

A

Rowntree (York) and booth (London and Liverpool)

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13
Q

What is primary poverty

A

Where a persons wages fall short of their needs to subsist

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14
Q

What were the international threats in Britain C.1900

A

“Splendid isolation”

Concerns of rise of Germany, instability in the Balkans , tension in France, national interest

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15
Q

What were the political problems for Britain C.1900

A

War in South Africa 1899-1902
Rise of Irish nationalism- home rule
Rise in T.U and labour problems

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16
Q

What was the British name for South African Republic

A

Transvaal

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17
Q

When did the Transvaal declare war on Britain

A

1899

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18
Q

Why did the Transvaal declare war on Britain

A

Long term tension

Uitlander problem after the discovery of gold an diamonds

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19
Q

What is a Uitlander

A

S.A name for outsider/ foreigner that occupied the Transvaal

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20
Q

Who were the main three in the boer war

A

Joseph chamberlain
Alfred Milner
Paul Kruger

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21
Q

Who was Kruger

A

President of the Transvaal. Anti British, received german aid

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22
Q

What was the first phase of the boer war and what year

A

1899- boers besiege maffeking, lady smith and Kimberly

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23
Q

What were the British tactics in the boer war

A

Blockhouses- control points
Concentration camps
‘Scorched earth’ reprisals

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24
Q

What happened at the end of the boer war

A

March 1902 the boers contacted Kitchener to begin negotiations
Meet at verneeging
Peace party prevailed
British agreed to compensate the boers for destruction, once they accepted the annexation of their republics
May 31st treaty of verneeging signed

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25
Q

What were the casualties in the boer war

A 
British 22,000
Boer soldiers 7,000
Boers in camps 28,000
Blacks 15,000
Farms destroyed 30,000
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26
Q

How much did the boer war cost the British

A

250 million

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27
Q

What were the impact of the boers war

A

> S.A union, development of national party dominance
British representation bad- conc camps and bad military strength
Cost ALOT
Treaty of Vereeniging

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28
Q

What happened in the Taff vale case

A

In 1900 there was a strike against the Taff vale railway. The company sued them ( the union, the Amalgamated society of railway workers) and won for £23,000
Balfour set up the royal commission which was ineffective as it want released until 1906

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29
Q

When was the education act

A

1902

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30
Q

What was the eduction act

A

Old school boards abolished
Local Education Authorities (LEA) responsible for elementary and secondary schools
Church schools received financial aids
Scholarship programs set up

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31
Q

Why didn’t people like the education act

A

Non conformists didn’t like the support of church schools

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32
Q

When was Chinese slavery

A

1903

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33
Q

What was Chinese slavery

A

When Balfour sanctioned the import of Chinese workers to help re build the economy.
They were placed in concentration camps

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34
Q

Why was Chinese slavery unpopular

A

Chinese stole jobs from white people

Concern camps were a reminder of the embarrassments of the boer war

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35
Q

When was the land act

A

1903

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36
Q

What was the land act

A

Provided government loans to Irish so peasants could become land owners

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37
Q

Why was the land act unpopular

A

It focused on the Irish. No relevance to people in England

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38
Q

When was the unemployed work men’s act

A

1905

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39
Q

What was the unemployed work men’s act

A

Helped the urban unemployed find find work through labour schemes
This was inadequate as it relied on private funds

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40
Q

What were some of Balfours successful policies

A

Ed act
Land act
Royal commission

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41
Q

What were the failures of Balfour

A

Chinese slavery -embarrassment
Taff vale - lack of action
Tariff reform - split the party, unclear
Resigning

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42
Q

When did Balfour resign

A

December 1905

43
Q

What is conservatism

A

Defence of tradition
Reform of proven abuses
Nationalism

44
Q

How many seats did the liberal get in the 1906 election

A

400

45
Q

What was the liberal party divided over in 1906

A

Irish devolution
Empire
Social reform

46
Q

How many seats did the conservatives get in the 1906 election

A

157

47
Q

How many seats did the Labour Party get in the 1906 election

A

52*

48
Q

when was the Lib-Lab pact signed

A

1903

49
Q

who signed the Lib-Lab pact

A

Herbert Gladstone (Liberals) and Ramsey McDonald (LRC)

50
Q

what is the LRC

A

Labour Representative Comity

51
Q

who was the Lib-Lab pact between

A

Liberals and LRC

52
Q

What did the Lb-Lab pact say

A

Liberals agreed not to put up candidates in 35 seats where the LRC had a better chance of winning, the LRC reciprocated that

53
Q

in which constituencies did the Lib-Lab pact focus

A

where the unionists might possible win the seats in the event of a split vote between the liberals and LRC

55
Q

Why did the Liberals make the Lib-Lab pact

A

> T.U, funding went to the liberal party, to secure the vote
the liberals had done badly in the 1900 election
avoid splitting the marginal seats
‘tactical move to head off threat of Labour
save money- not having to compete in 35 seats
avoid loss of support from skilled workers

56
Q

Why did the Liberals win by a landslide victory

A 
> Own actions- LibLab
> Balfours mistakes
> Boer War- national efficiency
> Support base- non-conformists
> Tariff Reform Issue
57
Q

What was the Tariff Reform Issues

A

Unionists were split over the issue

Liberals agreed on Free Trade -> two loaf propaganda

58
Q

Balfours Weaknesses

A 
> exposed national efficiency
> Taff Vale Case
> Tarriff Reform
> Chinese Slavery
> Land Act only for Ireland
> resigned Dec 1905 to weaken Liberals but it strengthened them- costing him the election
59
Q

Balfours strengths

A

> Ed Act 1902
Land Act 1903
Royal Commission

60
Q

Social Reforms

A 
Children:
> 1906 Ed Act free school meals
> 1907- Ed Act medical inspection
> 1908- Childrens Act
> 1912- School clinics

Elderly:
1908 Old Age Pensions

Workers:
> 1906- Trade Disputes Act
> 1906- Merchant Shipping Act
> 1906- Workers compensation Act
> 1908- Miners Act
> 1909- Osbourne judgment 
> 1909- People Budget
> 1911- National Insurance Act
>1911- T.U amendment/ union act
61
Q

1906 Education Act Free School Meals

A

L.E.A’s could provide free school meals , not complsory

> 1924-158,000 per day with 14m. benefitting

62
Q

1907 Ed Act Medical inspection

A

Drs and nurses to schools for medical inspections
> compolsory
> if something was wrong they had to pay for medicine

63
Q

1908 Childrens Act

A 
made children 'protected people;
> parents could be prosecuted for cruelty
> Poor Law Authorities responsible
> no adult prison under 14
> no alcohol under 14
> no cigarettes under 16
64
Q

1912 School Clinics

A

free medical care for children

65
Q

Old Age Pensions Act 1908

A

> eligible if 70+ , ‘moraly fit’ , earnt £21-£31 pa. (£21 meant you got full payout0
single got 5spw
married got 7s6dpw
by 1914 14, using

66
Q

1911 National Insurance Act

A 
2 sections Health and Employment
HEALTH:
> workers insure themselves- COMPULSORY
> workers-4d
  Employers- 3d
  Gov.-2d
> received 10pw for 13 weeks

EMPLOYMENT:
> aimed at seasonal unemployment
> workers, employers and gov.- 2d each
> 7s6dpw for 15 weeks

  • only for worker not family
  • had to have made sufficient payments
  • if you earned less than £160pa
67
Q

what is New Liberalism

A 
1] improving GB economic position
2] improving National Efficiency 
3] improving efficiency
4] improve poverty
3] changing taxation
68
Q

why was there new liberalism

A 
> Boer War
> National Efficiency
> socialism more popular
> research -> Booth and Rowntree
> changing views on Tax -> 'productive' and 'unproductive' tax, lower income tax on moderate incomes
69
Q

why did the Parliment crisis occour

A

Balfour had majority in HofL- rejected bills e.g. Bill to stop plural voting 1906 and 1909 licensing Bill aimed to restrict consumption and sale of alcohol and 1906 Ed Bill so teachers could be appointed without religious tests

70
Q

what caused the parliment crisis

A

1909 people budget was the trigger imposing super tax ‘making the rich pay’
> HofL rejects the budget -> Asquith call them unconstitutional

71
Q

Jan 1910 election results

A

Lib 275
cons 273
Labour 40
INP 82

72
Q

Dec 1910 Election results

A

lib 272
con 272
Labour and INP support libs

73
Q

what happened in the parliment crisis

A

after the 1909 budget was rejected
> Asquith threatens to go to George 5 and asked if he would appoint peers in HofL -> not bluffing
> 1911 Parliment Act
- HofL cannot reject a money bill
- Any bill passed by HofC 3 times cannot be rejected in HofL
- life of parliment 5yrs not 7

74
Q

Suffragettes Context

A

1869- gained vote in town councils in municiple bouroughs
1870- could be elected into school boards
1875- could be elected as poor law guardians
1889- included in local gov. franchise
1881- married womans property act- if a woman took a property into a marriage she could take it out

75
Q

Suffragette movments

A

NSWS- national society for womens sufferage
NUWSS- national union womens sufferage society
WSPU- womens social and political union

76
Q

NSWS

A

formed 1868 and reformed 1897

> want right to vote

77
Q

NUWSS

A

> want political emancipation BUT split over 1] all women and men over 21 get vote or 2] included on saem terms as men

78
Q

WSPU

A

> immediate equality with men
pankhursts
ILP support

79
Q

militancy of suffragettes

A

> attack property- smash windows, arson, vandalism, mail destruction, pepper mail, blew up post boxes, chained to railings and disrupt meetings
1913- Derby Emily Davidson
1912-> wild phase
cat and mouse act 1913 -> could be released and rearrested
Concilation Bill proposed enfranchisment of women if householder =8% of women -> rejected
1911 Asquith proposed full enfranchisment of men over 21

80
Q

Ireland Background

A

1886/1892 - proposed 1st and 2nd home rule bill-> rejected
1903 land act-> lost political weapon
1911 parliment act = oppertunity

81
Q

cultural revival in Ireland

A

sport- hurling
Gaelic League 1893
Gaelic Athletic Association 1884
dance and music

82
Q

Irish Party leader

A

James Connolly- Irish National Republic
Arthur Griffiths- sinn fein
Patrick Pearse- IRB
Redmond- INP

83
Q

James Connolly

A

Irish National Republic
> wanted industrialisation to overcome oppression
>Workers Republic newspaper

84
Q

Arthur Griffiths

A

Sinn Fein
> united irishmen newpsper
> carry on as if independant -> ‘austrian solution’

85
Q

Patrick Pearse

A

IRB
> romantic nationailst
> teacher- taught of evils of Britain

86
Q

Redmond

A

INP

devolution

87
Q

event of 1914 in Ireland

A

UVF import 25k rifles and are allowed
IVF rifels are blocked

HR suspended during WW1

88
Q

Trade union context

A 
membership increased 1910-1914 2.5-4m
>real wages decreased
> prices increased
> unemployment fell
living standards fell
89
Q

militancy in Trade Unions

A

1910- miners strikes in wales- Tonypandy -> churchill sends troops
1911- Liverpool -> dock workers strike -> 2 killed
1911- Llanelli - 2 killed
1912- National Pit Strike

90
Q

Trade union membership

A 
union/members/strikes
1900- 1323/ 2m/ 633
1909- 1260/2.5m/422
1913- 1260/4.1m/1459
1914- 1250/4m/972
91
Q

Osbourne Judgement

A

1909

> Made T.U contribution to political parties illegal

92
Q

Trade Disputes Act

A

1906

> unions on strike could not be sued by employers

93
Q

T.U union/Amendment Act

A

reversed Osbourne Judgement

94
Q

The Tariff Reform Issue

A

> Chamberlain- british industry ‘demanded’ protection -> breathing space from cheap imports, could fund social reforms and modernisation and 1093declared himself in favour of an imperial preference tariff system designed to bring about an economic integragation of the empire
Chamberlain headed Tariff reform League 1903 -> FT unionists made Unionist Free Trade League -> Churchill deflected to Liberals
Balfour ‘fence sitting strategy’ but pro-FT

95
Q

What was the threat of Labour

A

> 1910 creation of LRC -> reject Lib + Unionist and seek independent representation
TU membership increased
took votes
Policies

96
Q

electoral seats of Labour

A

1900- 2
1906- 29
1910- 42
1922- 142

97
Q

did the liberals cope with the threat of Labour

A 
YES
>lib-lab
> social reforms
> retained dominance
> kept support of TU

NO
> increased militancy
> labour seats increased (2-42 1900-1910)
> Dangerfield states they did not adapt to face the threat
> 1910 50% TU Labour Affiliated

98
Q

Greys foreign policy theories

A

> Arthur Nicholson - didn’t do enough - TE should have been turned into an alliance doing it may have made G think twice and not done Schlifflen plan
Attempted to please G too much which encouraged aggression
Harcourt- should have remained isolationist

99
Q

Grey foreign policy

A

> 1906 ->
middle ground?
follow in footsteps of Landsdown who began brining GB out of isolation
‘ G should not count on GB neutrality but F and R should not count on our support’

100
Q

response to challenge of G and the formation of Ententes

A 
> 1902 Anglo-Japanese alliance
> 1904- Entente cordiale
> 1907- Triple entente
> 1911- Agadir = naval agreement 
1889 2 power standard
> 1899-01 attempts at G/GB alliance
> 1905 morrocan
> 1905 scheifflen plan completed
> 1906 dreadnoughts- 'We want 8 and wont wait' 27:19
>1908 Bosnian crisis
> 1911 2nd Moroccan
101
Q

outbreak of war

A

> strategy and security
-GB in control of approaches to GB (Atlantic and N.Sea) Navy in control of trade routes
- Ireland, Holland, Belgium could be used to access GB- guarenteed neutrality and independence
Trade and Commerce
-needed to export + produce raw materials
Balance of power
- no one continental power to rule
Belgium question -> 1839 Treaty of London
Sarajevo

102
Q

Asquith as a leader

A

> traditional ‘everything as usual’
embarrassed by Galipoli and shell crisis
Coalition 1915
conscription
resigned 1916-> son died, alcoholic and depression

103
Q

Lloyd George as a leader

A

> set up political HQ
opposed by Asquith and 2/3 of liberals
pro-conscription
‘man who won the war’

104
Q

Impact of WW1 on liberalism

A 
> split -LG and Asquith
> Coalition 1915
> DORA
> Morley and Burne resigned
> against pacifism and morality
105
Q

Impact of WW1 on Politics

A 
> Gov. change
  14- Aq
  15- coalition Aq
   16- Coalition LG
> party opinion changed
> Ireland INP + unionists volunteer, INP wiped out and Sinn Fein increased in popularity  
HR -> devolution
106
Q

Impact of WW1 on the Economy

A

> DORA
1915- treasury agreements TU increased 4-6m
1918- 80% self sufficient
mining nationalised
railways under gov. control- railways excec. committee, 10 general managers over 130 companies
fixed food prices -> wheat, rice + suga, food controller, POW and Women helped, 3mill acres made into farm land
new industries - ships to keep up with Uboat destruction

107
Q

Impact on WW1 on Society

A

> women- increased employment, min. wage (=output or same as men), perceptions changed -> 1917 Asq. claimed pro-women, vote 1918 if over 30
Men- over 21 full sufferage or over 19 if in active service (6m- 22m voters)
Class- blured and A.Taylor ‘the war cut into the conciousness of modern man’

AS Level British History (2 decks)

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