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Virology 11-20 > #19 bats as a form of Zoonoses > Flashcards

#19 bats as a form of Zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

what family is Hendra and Nipah virus

A

Paramyxoviridae

-ssRNA

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2
Q

what is unique about Hendra and Nipah virus?

A

the genome is very large
much larger than other paramyxoviridae
they have much larger non-coding regions

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3
Q

where did Hendra and Nipah originate?

A

bats?

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4
Q

how did the first hendra outbreak transmit?

A

from bats > horse > human

there was no human to human transmission

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5
Q

how did the first outbreak of Nipah occur?

what about the second?

A

bats > pigs > humans

second outbreak was bat directly to human, then human to human transmission

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6
Q

what is the reservoir of nipah?

A

bats

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7
Q

what family is SARS?

A

-coronaviridae

+ssRNA

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8
Q

what is unique about SARS?

A

it has a large genome -over 30kB

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9
Q

did SARS come back?

A

yes - in the form of MERS

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10
Q

what family is MERS?

A

coronaviridae

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11
Q

does SARS need a intermediate host?

A

yes -

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12
Q

what is SADS

A

a relative of SARS
hasnt come to humans yet but may
is killing pigs at the moment

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13
Q

what family is the Malaka virus

A

reovirus
dsRNA
genus orthoreovirus

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14
Q

how is Malaka virus transmitted

A
  • bat to human
    then human to human
    (dad was infected by bat and then gave to children)
    gives severe pneumonia
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15
Q

what is the resevoir of Malaka virus

A

bats

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16
Q

is Malaka virus fusogenic or non-fusogenic

A

non-fusogenic

17
Q

what family is ebolavirus

A

filoviridae

-ssRNA

18
Q

can ebola be isolated ?

A

not yet

there is no vaccine

19
Q

what is the death rate of ebola?

A

40%

20
Q

why is it believed bats are the reservoir for Ebola?

A

there is a related virus in bats called Mengla virus

21
Q

can you produce clinical signs from virus infection in bats

A

it is difficult to show signs of virus in bats however you can isolate virus from them

22
Q

is there higher viral prevelence in bats?

A

yes bats can carry more species of virus

23
Q

is there higher genetic diversity of virus in bats?

A

yes

24
Q

what makes bats special?

A

bats have enhanced DNA damage repair
bats have reduced inflammation
they have elevated innate defence
they have dampened innate responses and increased tolerance of viruses

25
Q

what is different between bats and humans?

A

our inflammation response is different

26
Q

how is inflammation different in humans and bats

A

human base line level of inflammation is low
bat baseline inflammation is higher
when a virus enters humans will have a high increase of inflammatory molecules. IFNa will not be expressed until danger is sensed
in bats they have a high level of IFNa, when there is a virus they do not need to increase inflammatory molecules

27
Q

how does a high basal level of HSPs help the bat?

A
  • heat shock proteins are produced when a cell is stressed
  • in bats these are on without any stress
  • HSPs in bats help protein folding - they cause a hyper-folding environment - allows viruses to tolerate mutations
    hence bats can harbour increased diversity of viruses

HSPs help protein folding

28
Q

what is a hyper-folding environment

A

caused by high levels of HSPs

when there are HSPs this creates a hyper-folding environment where viruses can tolerate mutations better

29
Q

what is a hypo-folding environment

A

less HSPs in cell

when there are less HSPs this creates a hypo-folding environment where viruses cannot tolerate mutations well

30
Q

how do bats have dampened immune activation?

A
  • they have dampened STING pathway
    -STING is not as active in bats as it is in human cells
  • dampened response to cytosolic dsDNA
    bat also dont have 2 sensors AIM2 and IFI16
31
Q

how do bats dampen inflammation?

A

they dampen every step of the inflammasome pathway

32
Q

how do bats tolerate MERS?

A
  • in human cells MERS will stimulate inflammasome activation

in bats there is NO inflammation from MERS hence it can tolerate the virus

33
Q

what causes efficient DNA repair in bats?

A

high oxidative stress from flying

34
Q

do bats have less cancer and live longer?

A

yes

Virology 11-20 (8 decks)

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