19-20: Movements Flashcards
The main problem for African-Americans in the South (1 main answer)
Jim Crow Laws
How were Jim Crow Laws legally allowed in the South?
They abided by ‘Plessy vs Ferguson’ case in 1896
^”Separate but equal” –> even though it wasn’t equal
1957
Little Rock Nine
Little Rock Nine
1957
1955
Bus Boycott
Bus Boycott
1955
March from Selma to Montgomery
When? What happened? What did it help?
1965
Attacked by State Troopers
Helped pass the Voting Act of 1965
Why did the March from Selma to Montgomery happen? What does this link back to?
Happened because black voters were being denied vote based on literacy tests
^Links back to the 15th Amendment that said nothing about denying votes on education
What were African-Americans facing in the North? (One answer)
Economic segregation from the ‘white flight’ which led to ghettoisation
Kerner Commission
When was it? Who wanted the research done and why?
1968
President Lyndon B. Johnson –> To see why the Urban Riots were happening
When were the Urban Riots?
1965-68
What did the Kerner Commission say? What did the report link back to?
‘The nation is moving towards two societies… separate and unequal’
Linked back to ‘Plessy vs Ferguson’ - “Separate and equal”
What inspired the Black Panthers?
Malcolm X’s ‘The Ballot or the bullet’ speech
What group did Malcolm X join? What was their goal?
Nation of Islam
They wanted black nationalism and separatism
Differences between Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X (Name 2 at least)
- Ideology –> Non-violence vs violence
- Their goals –> Integration vs separatism
What historian commented on the complexity of MLK and Malcolm X’s images? In what book?
Peniel Joseph in his book ‘The sword and the shield’
What did Peniel Joseph say about MLK and Malcolm X
MLK –> Became more radical and outspoken on economic issues and the Vietnam War
Malcolm X –> Left separatism idea and went to more passive caring for all oppressed
Who does MLK call out in his letter from Birmingham jail
Calls out white moderates
What does MLK say millions of African-Americans will do in his letter from Birmingham jail?
‘millions will seek security in black nationalist ideology’
What does King say in his letter from Birmingham jail that makes him sound a bit radical?
‘freedom is never voluntarily given, it must be demanded by the oppressed’
When was MLK’S letter from Birmingham jail written?
1963
When was Malcolm X’s ‘Ballot or the Bullet’ speech?
1964
Whose words did Malcolm take and flip in his ‘Ballot or the Bullet’ speech?
What did they say?
Abraham Lincoln speech in 1865
Lincoln said the ballot was stronger than the bullet
Did Malcolm mean ballot or bullet was stronger?
Can be taken either way
Bullet stronger –> he was radical
Ballot stronger –> he was settling down a bit on the radical
What did Dary Farrah say Malcolm meant in his ‘Ballot or the Bullet’ speech
Farrah thinks he meant ballot was stronger
Who argued that Malcom meant ballot?
Daryl Farrah
What did Jeffrey Ogbar say about black power?
Black power changed cultural perception of race and celebrated blackness in a way the Civil Rights Movement never did
Who said that ‘black power changed cultural perception of race and celebrated blackness in a way the Civil Rights Movement never did’
Jeffrey Ogbar
What did Malcolm X say about the importance of education in his ‘Ballot of the Bullet’ speech?
‘The white man made the mistake of letting me read his history books’
