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Question 1

cytoplasmic inheritance

Answer 1

refers to the transmission of genes on mitochondrial and chloroplast chromosomes- genes that are located in the cytoplasmic organelles as opposed to the nucleus.

Question 2

uniparental

Answer 2

just one parental gamete, often the maternal gamete, contributes all of the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.

Question 3

biparental

Answer 3

both parental gametes make contributions of the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles to the zygote.

often unequal

Question 4

maternal inheritance

Answer 4

inheritance of genes transmitted in the ovule

Question 5

homoplasmic

Answer 5

a cell or organism in which all copies of a cytoplasmic organelle gene are the same is identified as homoplasmic and is said to exhibit homoplasmy for that gene

Question 6

heteroplasmic

Answer 6

If variation exists among the copies of an organelle gene, the cell or organism is heteroplasmic and exhibits heteroplasmy

Question 7

replicative segregation

Answer 7

random segregation of organelles during replication.

affects the proportion of mutant organelle genomes in a cell, thus influencing the severity of phenotypes produced by mutations in organellar genomes.

Question 8

plastid

Answer 8

differentiate into chloroplasts or things similar to chloroplasts in other colors

Question 9

Endosymbiosis

Answer 9

a symbiotic relationship between organisms in which one organism inhabits the body of the other

Question 10

alpha-proteobacteria

Answer 10

the closest extant relatives of mitochondria
had a bunch of genes
suggests extensive gene loss happened as mitochondria evolved

Question 11

cyanobacteria

Answer 11

the closest extant relatives to chloroplasts

Question 12

nuclear mitochondrial sequences (NUMTS)

Answer 12

mitochondrial DNA sequences found in the nucleus

Question 13

nuclear plastid sequences (NUPTS)

Answer 13

nuclear sequences derived from plastid genomes found in the nucleus

Question 14

Mitosomes

Answer 14

double membrane bound structures in the eukaryote giardia.
they are their versions of mitochondria
proteins requiring an anaerobic environment to function are imported into them.
provide evidence that mitochondria came first, then nuclei

Question 15

informational genes

Answer 15

genes coding for proteins that play a part in replication, packaging of chromosomes, transcription, and translation.

Question 16

operational genes

Answer 16

encode proteins involved in cellular metabolic processes, such as amino acid biosynthesis, biosynthesis of cofactors, fatty acid and phospholipid biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, energy metabolism, nucleotide biosynthesis, and some of the regulatory functions

Question 17

nucleomorph

Answer 17

the nuclear genome of the algal endo symbiont,

undergoes reduction to the extent that it encodes only some genes for products targeted to the plastid as well as some genes required for the maintenance of the nucleomorph genome