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Important Events Of Modern Indian History > 18th To 19th Century > Flashcards

18th To 19th Century Flashcards

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1
Q

1707

A

Death of Aurangzeb, the last Mughal ruler.
Transition of India from medieval to modern.
Successor Bahadur Shah was son of Aurangzeb.

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2
Q

Emperor of Persia, Nader Shah, invades Northern India.

A

1739
Defeated Mughals.
Takes Muhammad Shah as prisoner.
Returns with huge wealth, looted from India.
Takes control of Kabul.
His invasion exposed weaknesses of Mughal empire, opening up opportunities for the Marathas.

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3
Q

1746-48
1748-54
1756-63

A

3 CARNATIC WARS:

  1. 1746-48
    Extension of War of Austrian Succession @ Britain & France.
    Ended with Treaty of Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle @1748, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen.
    Madras was restored back to Britain, in exchange of some territories @ North America.
  2. 1748-54
    Civil War of succession of Hyderabad.
    French sided with Chanda Saheb & Muzzafar Jung to bring them into power in Arcot & Hyderabad respectively.
    British sided with Nasir Jung & Muhammad Ali Khan.
    Ended with Treaty of Pondicherry.
  3. 1756-63
    The outbreak of the Seven Years’ War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India.
    and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French, commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760.
    After Wandiwash, the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761. Ended French ambition of creating colonial empire @ India.
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4
Q

King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali (supported by two Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Doab, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh) Vs Maratha Kingdom, Sadashivrao Bhau.
Decisive Afghan victory.
Marathas lost suzerainty of north India above Punjab till Sutluj.

A

3rd Battle of Panipat 1761

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5
Q

1764-65 Battle of Buxar

A

Mughal Empire, Shah Alam II Vs BEIC, Hector Munro.
BEIC’s victory.
By signing Treaty of Allahabad, Shah Alam II, gave Dewani rights of Bengal, Bihar, & Odisha to BEIC.
BEIC got rights to collect taxes.

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6
Q

Regulating Act 1773

A

To reform BEIC’s administration.
Warren Hestings became 1st Governor General of Bengal.
Supreme Court @ Calcutta.
Banned any private trade of company servants.

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7
Q

Pitts India Act 1784

A

To address shortcomings of Regulating Act of 1773.
BEIC to be accountable to British Parliament.
Governing council of BEIC comprised of 3+1 members.

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8
Q

Mughal–Maratha Wars 1680-1707

A

Maratha Empire Vs Mughal Empire from 1680 to 1707:

  • Deccan Wars started in 1680 with the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb’s invasion of the Maratha enclave in Bijapur established by Shivaji.
  • Maratha Empire: Sambhaji, Rajaram, Maharani Tarabai
  • Mughal Empire: Aurangzeb, Azam Shah, Husain Ali Khan, Bahadur Shah
  • Present-day states of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu.
  • After the death of Aurangzeb, Marathas began expansion northward; By 1758, reached Delhi, Multan and Peshawar.
  • The Mughal empire was split in small kingdoms, with the Nizam of Hyderabad, Nawab of Oudh and Nawab of Bengal quick to assert the independence of their lands.
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9
Q

1757

A

Battle of Plassey (Bengal Sabah) 1757:
• Part of 7 years’ War
• BEIC lead by Robert Clive Vs. Mughal Empire lead by Siraj-up-daulah (Last independent Nawab of Bengal) in alliance with France
• Decisive victory for the British East India Company
• Bengal annexed by the East India Company

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10
Q

The 7 Years’ War

A

The Seven Years’ War
• 1754/56 to 1763
• It involved every European great power of the time except the Ottoman Empire, spanning five continents, and affected Europe, the Americas, West Africa, India, and the Philippines.
• The conflict split Europe into two coalitions, led by the Kingdom of Great Britain on one side and the Kingdom of Franceon the other.
• For the first time, aiming to curtail Britain’s and Prussia’s ever-growing might, France formed a grand coalition of its own, which ended with failure.
• Britain rose as the world’s predominant power, altering the European balance of power.
• Transfer of colonial possessions between Great Britain, France, Spain, and Portugal.

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11
Q

1760 Battle of Wandiwash/Vandavasi (Now@Tamil Nadu)

A

1760 Battle of Wandiwash/Vandavasi (Now@Tamil Nadu)

  • Was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years’ War.
  • BEICs Sir Eyre Coote’s forces decisively defeated Count de Lally’s army, attempting to regain the fort at Vandavasi
  • French were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 16 January 1761.
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12
Q

3rd Anglo–Mysore War (1790–1792)

A

3rd Anglo–Mysore War (1790–1792)

  • Was a conflict in South India between the Kingdom of Mysore and the East India Company and its allies: Maratha Empire and Nizam of Hyderabad.
  • It was the third of four AMW. 1st & 2nd AMWs were inconclusive.
  • Result: Treaty of Seringapatam : Mysore cedes 1/2 territory to British.
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13
Q

Subsidiary Alliance System @ India (1798)

A

Subsidiary Alliance System @ India (1798)
• Is a term used, in the context of South Asian history to describe a PROTECTORATE type relationship between, on one hand, princely states and, on the other, the East India Company and/or the British Government of India.
• Introduced by Lord WELLESLEY, British Governor-General in India from 1798 to 1805.
• The main principles of a subsidiary alliance were:
An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British had to accept British forces within his territory and also agreed to pay for their maintenance.
The ruler would accept a British Resident in his state.
An Indian ruler who entered into a subsidiary alliance would not enter into any further alliance with any other power, nor would he declare war against any power without the permission of the British.
The ruler would not employ any Europeans other than the British, and if he were already doing so, he would dismiss them.
In case of a conflict with any other state, he would agree the resolution decided upon by the British.
The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the paramount power in India.
In return for the ruler accepting its conditions, the Company undertook to protect the state from external dangers and internal disorders.
If the Indian rulers failed to make the payments required by the alliance, then part of their territory was to be taken away as a penalty.

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14
Q

The Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829

A

The Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829, was a legal act promulgated in British India under East India Company rule, by the then Governor-General Lord WILLIAM BENTINCK, which made the practice of sati or suttee—or the immolation of a Hindu widow on the funeral pyre of her deceased husband—illegal in all jurisdictions of British India and subject to prosecution.

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15
Q

The Saint Helena Act or The Government of India Act or Charter Act of 1833.

A

The Saint Helena Act or The Government of India Act or Charter Act of 1833

As this Act was also intended to provide for an extension of the royal charter granted to the East India Company. This Act extended the charter by 20 years.

It contained the following provisions:

It redesignated the Governor-General of Bengal as the Governor-General of India. Under this provision Lord William Bentinck became the first Governor-General of India.

It deprived the Governors of Bombay and Madras of their legislative powers.

For the first time, the Governor-General’s Government was known as the ‘Government of India’ and his council as the ‘India Council’.

The Governor-General and his executive council were given exclusive legislative powers for the whole of British India.

It ended the activities of the British East India Company as a commercial body and it became a purely administrative body. In particular, the Company lost its monopoly on trade with China and other parts of the Far East.

It ATTEMPTED to introduce a system of open competitions for the selection of civil servants. However this provision was negated after opposition from the Court of Directors who continued to hold the privilege of appointing Company officials.

The island of Saint Helena was vested in His Majesty.

With the exception of section 112, vesting Saint Helena in the monarchy, the act was repealed by the Government of India Act 1915.

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16
Q

Note on Mackauly and his Minute on Indian Education 1835

A

Thomas Babington Macaulay, who is generally regarded as the architect of the system of education in India during the British rule, was a great essayist, historian, linguist, orator, politician, statesman, and thinker.

He divided the world into civilised nations and barbarism, with Britain representing the high point of civilisation, Idealising historic British culture and traditions.
He played a major role in introducing English and western concepts to education in India, publishing his argument on the subject “MACAULAY MINUTE ON INDIAN EDUCATION” in 1835. In it he dvocated the national system of education for India which could best serve the interest of the British Empire.
He came to India in 1838 as law member of Governor General Lord William Bentinck’s Executive Council.

17
Q

2nd Anglo-Sikh War, 1848-49

A

2nd Anglo-Sikh War, 1848-49:

Between the Sikh Empire and the British East India Company.

Resulted in the subjugation of the Sikh Empire, and the annexation of the Punjab and what subsequently became the North-West Frontier Province, by the East India Company.

Background:

The Sikh kingdom consolidated by Maharaja Ranjit Singh during the early 19th C, maintained uneasy alliance with BEIC. As he increased his military strength/ Sikh Khalsa Army which saw itself as the embodiment of the state and religion, he expanded Sikh territory to the north and north west, capturing territory from Afghanistan and Kashmir. But after his death, Sikh kingdom lost to BEIC in 1st Anglo-Sikh War, leading to further infighting and weakening of the Sikh Kingdom.

In April 1848 Vans Agnew of the civil service and Lieutenant Anderson of the Bombay European regiment, having been sent to take charge of Multan from Diwan Mulraj, were murdered there, and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion leading to 2nd ASW.

18
Q

1853 Year of Reform

A

1st
Railway Line from Bombay to Thane
Telegraph from Calcutta to Agra

GG Lord Dalhousie

19
Q

1856: Annexation of Audh under Doctrine of Lapse and Hindu Widow Remarriage Act

A
  1. Annexation of Audh through Doctrine of Lapse:

The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy purportedly devised by Lord Dalhousie, GG of India between 1848 and 1856. According to the doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of BEIC as vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either “manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir”.

  1. The Hindu Widow Remarriage Act, 1856, legalised the remarriage of Hindu widows in all jurisdictions of India under East India Company rule. To protect what it considered family honour and family property, upper-caste Hindu society had long disallowed the remarriage of widows, even child and adolescent ones, all of whom were expected to live a life of austerity and abnegation.

The Hindu Widows’ Remarriage Act of 1856, enacted in response to the campaign of Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, provided legal safeguards against loss of certain forms of inheritance for a remarrying Hindu widow, though, under the Act, the widow forsook any inheritance from her deceased husband.

Especially targeted in the act were Hindu child widows whose husbands had died before consummation of marriage.

20
Q

The 1st/Greatest War/Mutiny/Rebellion of 1857 to 1858:

A

The 1st/Greatest War/Mutiny/Rebellion of 1857 to 1858:
Immediate Cause:
• The grease used on bullet cartridges of Enfield Rifle had tallow derived from beef or lard derived from pork which had to be removed by sepoys with their mouth; This deeply offended religious sentiments of many upper cast Hindu as well as devout Muslim sepoys.
• This issue sparked long simmering discontent and indignation among sepoys regarding many issues, leading to mutiny in the cantonment town of Meerut.
• Meerut mutiny escalated into other mutinies and civil rebellions mainly in central and northern India.
• British victory Suppression of the rebellion, End of the Mughal and Maratha empire, End company rule, Transfer of rule to the British Crown.
• British Indian Empire created out of former East India Company territory (some land returned to native rulers, other land confiscated by the British crown).

21
Q

The Government of India Act/ Act for Good Government of India 1858:

A

The Government of India Act/ Act for Good Government of India 1858:

  • This significant act was enacted in the wake of the Revolt of 1857.
  • Abolished the BEIC, and transferred the powers of governance, territories, and revenue to British Crown.
  • Changed the designation of Governor-General of India to Viceroy of India, who was to be the direct representative of British Crown in India; LORD CANNING thus became the 1st VICEROY OF INDIA.
  • ENDED DIARCHY by abolishing the Board of Control and Court of Directors.
  • The Queen’s Principal Secretary of State received the powers and duties of the Company’s Court of Directors I.e. Indian Administration. For all the communications between Britain and India, the Secretary of State became the real channel. SECRETARY OF STATE FOR INDIA (SoSfI) was a member of British Cabinet and was responsible ultimately for the British Parliament.
  • It established 15-member COUNCIL OF INDIA (CoI) an advisory body to assist SoSfI, who was to be the Chairman of CoI.
  • It constituted the SoS-in-council as a BODY CORPORATE i.e. Capable of suing and being sued in India and in England.
22
Q

Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892, 1909:

A

Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892, 1909:

  • Policy of Association: After the great revolt of 1857, British government felt the necessity of seeking the cooperation of Indians in the administration of their country.
  • In pursuance of this policy three acts were enacted by the British Parliament.
  • ICA of 1861 is an important landmark in the constitutional and political history of India.
23
Q

Indian Councils Acts of 1861:

A
  • Indians @ Viceroys legislative council: Viceroy to nominate some Indians as non-official members of the Viceroys legislative council. In 1862, Lord Canning nominated: Raja of Benaras, Maharaja of Patiyala, and Sir Dinkar Rao.
  • Decentralisation: Restored the legislative powers of Bombay and Medras Presidencies.
  • New legislative councils: for Bengal,NWFP (North-Western Frontier Province), and Punjab.
  • Portfolio System: introduced by lord Canning in 1859 for the members of VLC.
  • More powers to Viceroys: empowered them to make rules, orders, and issue ordinances (with caveats)
24
Q

Indian Councils Acts of 1892:

A
  • More non official members @ Central and provincial legislative councils.
  • Increased functions of legislative councils: discussing the budget and addressing the questions to the executive.
  • Nomination for some non official members/Nomination made on recommendation of certain bodies: In Centre by Viceroy (on the recommendation of provincial legislatures and Bengal Chamber of Commerce); and in Provincial Legislative Councils by Governors (on the recommendation of District Boards, Municipalities, Universities etc)
25
Q

Indian Councils Acts of 1909:

A

Also known as MORLEY(SoSfI)-MINTO(Viceroy) Reforms:
• Considerably increased the size of both legislative councils.
• Enlarged the deliberative functions of both legislative councils.
• Association of Indians(for the 1st time) with the Executive Councils of the Viceroy and Governors. SATYENDRA PRASAD SINHA became the 1st INDIAN to JOINE the VICEROYS EXECUTIVE COUNCIL as law member.
• legalised communalism: Introduced the COMMUNAL REPRESENTATION for MUSLIMS, concept of SEPARATE ELECTORATE, Muslim members of the electorate to be elected by Muslim voters only.
• Separate representation of presidency corporations, chambers of commerce, universities, and zamindars.

26
Q

Government of India Act 1919:

A

Also known as MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS:
• Demarcated and separated central and provincial subjects
• Dyarchy(double rule): further divided provincial subjects into transferred and reserved subjects.
• BICAMERALISM and DIRECT ELECTIONS: Indian legislative council was replaced by bicameral legislature consisting, Upper House (Council of States) and Lower House (Legislative Assembly); majority members of both the houses were chosen by direct elections.
• 3/6 Indians in Viceroy’s Legislative Council (other than Commander in Chief)
• Extended communal representation to Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and Europeans.
• Limited franchise(right to vote) on the basis of property, tax, or education.
• Secretary of State for India became High Commissioner for India in London.
• CPSC: Estb of Public Service Commission to recruit civil servants.
• Separated budgets
• Statutory Commission to inquire into and report on the working of GoIA 1919 after 10 years. (Simon Commission@1927)

27
Q

1879 Theosophical Society

A

• Theosophical Society Founders:
Helena Blavatsky, William Quan Judge, Henry Steel Olcott @ New York @ 1879
• Indian HQ @ Adyar, Madras, TN
• Annie Besant was closely associated with it.
• Initial objective was to study and elucidation of occult and Cabala. Later comparative study and elucidation of oriental religions.

28
Q

1883 Ilbert Bill

A
  • Introduced in 1883 by Viceroy Ripon to remove racial prejudice from IPC.
  • Did NOT pass, as it allowed Indian judges and magistrates the jurisdiction to try British offenders in criminal cases at the District level, something that was disallowed at the time.
  • Lead to the establishment of Indian National Congress (INC).
29
Q

1885 Inception of INC:

A
  • Congress was founded in 1885 during the British Raj; its founders include Allan Octavian Hume (a prominent member of the Theosophical Society), Dadabhai Naoroji and Dinshaw Wacha.
  • The first meeting was in Bombay. WOMESH Chandra BONNERJEE was the FIRST PRESIDENT of the Congress; the first session was held from 28–31 December 1885, and was attended by 72 delegates.
30
Q

1897 Ramkrishna Mission

A
  • Indian religious organization which forms the core of a worldwide spiritual movement known as the Ramakrishna Movement or the Vedanta Movement.
  • The mission is a philanthropic, volunteer organisation founded by Ramakrishna’s chief disciple Swami Vivekananda on 1 May 1897.
  • Headquarters @ Belur Math, West Bengal, India
  • The mission conducts extensive work in health care, disaster relief, rural management, tribal welfare, elementary and higher education and culture.

Important Events Of Modern Indian History (1 decks)

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