18th 19th century

Question 1

labourer

Answer 1

bracciante

Question 2

wage

Answer 2

stipendio

Question 3

holding

Answer 3

proprietà

Question 4

industrial society

Answer 4

Let’s get into the thick of the situation talking sbour the job’s development. Money, power were gradually moving from landowning aristocracy to factory owners/enterpreneurs. Farm workers were facing starvation, so they accepted to become industrial labourers,, but their work conditions were terrible: they had to work for sixteen hours a day. Also children, how we’ll see in the text. The priority wasn’t people wellness and health primarly, but productivity and efficiency.

Question 5

face starvation

Question 6

french revolution

Answer 6

the french revolution definetely marked a change to political culture, not only in france, but throughtout the whole europe. the jacobins, guided by the radical robespierre, came up with an organised army against the political governament and this was the first time that a democratic constitution was nominated (with the concepts of egality, fraternity and liberty). Becouse he was a radical, he also executed all the traitors of the revolution; during those years people were’t very able to express their personal opinion publicly.
The french revolution had a lot of supporters in the intellectual world, such as blake, coleridge and wordsworth. Even the radical thinker thomas paine wrote a revolutionary book, which claimed that everybody had some natural rights, that were not based on wealth or social class either.

Question 7

napoleon

Answer 7

napoleon bonaparte proclaimed himself emperor of france.
Unfortunately he was defeated by britain in tragalgar and officially another time in the battle of waterloo by the duke of wllington. The victorious powers, which were austria, prussia, russia and england, met at the congress of vienna to redefine the map of europe.

Question 8

proclaim

Question 9

claim

Answer 9

affermare

Question 10

pitt the younger

Answer 10

The successor of walpore was pitt the younger, william’s son, who became the prime minister of britain. he was very different, he demonstated his financial ability in different occasions and he used to follow adam smith’s thought of liberalism. Therefore, he proclaimed free trade in foreign commerce. But he wasn’t open minded at all, because he repressed all the protests that happened. In ireland a rebellion was becoming dangerous, pitt tried to control it proclaiming the act of union, which stated the centralisation of the english parliament over the irish one.

Question 11

riot

Answer 11

tumulto

Question 12

punishable by death

Question 13

in reference to

Question 14

3 protests and radical movements in britain

Answer 14

the effects of all of these revolutions were visible. Radical publishers and ballads were common, but they soon were prosecuted . this limited the freedon of speech and association.
there had been a hero among the workers, who had distroyed a factory machine, ned ludd. by this time supporters celebrated him by taking his name to call their movement, the luddite. luddite riots began, but soon damaging industrial machines became punishable with death.
People, only supporting the parliamentary reform, were violently dispersed in the known as peterloo massacre, taking name from the battle of waterloo.

Question 15

regent

Answer 15

ruling

Question 16

following several maJOR REBELLIONS

Question 17

william wilberforce

Answer 17

philantropist and politician who contributed to the abolishment of slavery in 1833

Question 18

george III - William IV

Answer 18

the period between 1811 and 1820 is called the regency. george III was suffering from mental illness, so his power was transfered to his son, george IV. when his father died, he became the prince and legalised the trade unions and reformed the prison system.
he was succeeded by william IV. in partiament whigs were the majority, so they passed the first reform act which extended the right to vote to middle class men. following several major rebellions and thanks to the help of the politition and philantropist william wilberforce, in 1833 slavery was finally abolished.

Question 19

tories

Answer 19

conservatories

Question 20

whigs

Answer 20

progressive

Question 21

it had lost to

Answer 21

aveva lasciato a

Question 22

occur

Answer 22

presentarsi, verificarsi

Question 23

intro romantic poetry

Answer 23

in the 19th century poetry returns to be the main literary genre, a role that had lost to the novel in the previous century. romantic poetry signalled a profound change in sensibility, which accurred in england and in europe in general at that time. works were influenced by the historical context of the revolutions, so much that they became the principal theme. Intellectually, the subjective vision of the individual became of great importance, the individual was a fluid, in contact with nature; in fact the themes that occur in the works are the contrast beween man and nature, city and town, youth and age. the two words that most efficiently characterise the romantic literery production are intensity and immagination

Question 24

pre romantic age

Answer 24

last decades of the 18th

Question 25

verse

Answer 25

poetry

Question 26

brief description of gray and blake

Answer 26

blake: higher class, entered the royal society

Question 27

elegy written in a country churchyard

Answer 27

gray

Question 28

graveyard

Answer 28

cimitero

Question 29

prevent

Answer 29

impedire

Question 30

despise

Answer 30

disprezzare

Question 31

deceptive

Answer 31

fallace