1863-65 Flashcards
1
Q
By 1863, both sides had seen what?
A
By 1863, both sides had seen success (e.g. Confederate success in Virginia).
2
Q
1863 started off with what legislation?
A
1863 started off with the Emancipation Proclamation formally coming into effect after Antietam:
3
Q
The Emancipation Proclamation declared that who would be free?
A
This declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebel states “are, and henceforward shall be free”.
4
Q
The final Emancipation Proclamation only freed slaves in which areas?
A
The final proclamation only freed slaves in the rebellious states, leaving all those in border states and in Union-held portions of the Confederate states still in bondage.
5
Q
Who heard the news about the Emancipation Proclamation much quicker?
A
Those close to Union lines heard the news much quicker than those in the Deep South.
6
Q
Many felt that what might bring an end to the war?
A
The Emancipation Proclamation
7
Q
Who did Lincoln replace Burnside with in January 1863?
A
Joe Hooker
8
Q
When Lincoln replaced Burnside with Hooker in January 1863, what was Hooker allegedly planning to become?
A
He was allegedly planning to become a military dictator.
9
Q
Why did Lincoln tolerate Hooker’s potential dictatorship?
A
Lincoln was willing to risk the dictatorship in order to achieve military success.
10
Q
When was the Battle of Chancellorsville?
A
April 30-6 May 1863
11
Q
Who fought in the Battle of Chancellorsville?
A
Lee (50,000) v. Hooker (130,000)
12
Q
How many men did Lee have at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
A
50,000
13
Q
How many men did Hooker have at the Battle of Chancellorsville?
A
130,000
14
Q
In which theatre of war was the Battle of Chancellorsville fought?
A
Eastern Theatre (Chancellorsville, Virginia)
15
Q
At Chancellorsville, what happened in April?
A
Hooker, with 130,000 men (twice as many as Lee) was ready to move.
16
Q
During Chancellorsville, who threatened Lee at Fredericksburg?
A
General Sedgewick threatened Lee at Fredericksburg.
17
Q
At Chancellorsville, the bulk of Hooker’s army crossed what?
A
The bulk of Hooker’s army crossed the Rappahannock upstream, threatening Lee’s left flank.
18
Q
What happened on 30 April at Chancellorsville?
A
The main Union army reached Chancellorsville in the heart of the Wilderness.
19
Q
At Chancellorsville, who did Lee leave with 10,000 men at Sedgewick?
A
General Early
20
Q
At Chancellorsville, while he left General Early with 10,000 men to hold Sedgewick, what did Lee do?
A
Lee led 50,000 Confederates to meet Hooker.
21
Q
What happened on 2 April at Chancellorsville?
A
Lee sent Jackson with 28,000 men to attack Hooker’s right flank, attacking just before dusk.
22
Q
How many men did Lee send Jackson with to attack Hooker’s right flank on 2 April at Chancellorsville?
A
28,000
23
Q
What was the effect of Lee sending Jackson with 10,000 to attack Hooker’s right flank on 2 April at Chancellorsville?
A
It drove Union forces back in confusion.
24
Q
During Chancellorsville, what unfortunate event happened to Jackson?
A
Jackson was shot by his own men while inspecting the battlefield.
25
What was the result of Jackson being shot by his own men?
He had his arm amputated, contracted pneumonia, and died on May 10th.
26
When did Jackson die?
May 10 1863
27
How did Jackson ensure defeat at Chancellorsville?
Hooker's troops retreated.
28
What was the effect of Chancellorsville on Lee?
Lee had achieved what many see as his most impressive victory.
29
How many casualties did Lee inflict at Chancellorsville?
17,000
30
How many men did Lee lose at Chancellorsville?
13,000
31
How was Confederate morale impacted by Chancellorsville?
Confederate morale was high despite Jackson’s death.
32
What was the effect of Chancellorsville on Hooker?
Hooker resigned after this battle on 28 June.
33
When did Hooker resign?
28 June 1863
34
Who took charge of the Army of the Potomac after Hooker resigned?
Meade
35
When was the Battle of Gettysburg?
July 1-3 1863
36
Who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg?
Lee & Longstreet v. Meade (85,000)
37
How many men did Meade have at the Battle of Gettysburg?
85,000
38
During the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee invaded where?
Pennsylvania
39
Why did Lee invade Pennsylvania as a part of the Battle of Gettysburg?
He hoped that victories on northern soil would force Lincoln to accept southern independence.
40
What happened in the Battle of Gettysburg on July 1st?
Rebel soldiers stumbled across Union soldiers at Gettysburg.Lee and Meade ordered their forces to converge on the town.
41
Who won the first day of the Battle of Gettysburg?
The Confederates
42
Where did the Union retreat to following their failure on the first day of Gettysburg?
Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill.
43
On July 2nd at the Battle of Gettysburg, Longstreet attacked the Unionists from where?
The left
44
On July 2nd at the Battle of Gettysburg, the Union troops advanced into where?
The Peach Orchard
45
On July 2nd at the Battle of Gettysburg, what did the Confederacy nearly capture?
They also nearly captured the important Little Round Top on the extreme left of the Union position.
46
Who won the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg?
The day ended in stalemate.
47
On July 3rd at the Battle of Gettysburg, what did Lee do?
Lee launched his main attack on the Union centre; 15,000 men, led by General Pickett, advanced up Cemetery Ridge, but his charge was a disaster.
48
How many men participated in Pickett's Charge?
15,000
49
Who led Lee's attack on the Union centre at Gettysburg?
General Pickett
50
In less than an hour, how many casualties did the Confederates endure during Pickett's Charge?
6,500
51
Who won the Battle of Gettysburg?
The Union
52
How many men did the Confederates lose in three day at Gettysburg?
28,000
53
How many men did the Union lose in three day at Gettysburg?
23,000
54
What was the significance of the Confederate casualties suffered at Gettysburg?
They could not afford them given that the bigger Union army had lost 5,000 fewer men (i.e. 23,000).
55
What was the effect of Gettysburg on Lee's stature?
The Battle destroyed Lee’s myth of invincibility, damaging morale. His reputation was permanently damaged by Pickett’s Charge.
56
How did Lee respond to his loss at Gettysburg?
Lee offered his resignation, but Davis did not accept it.
57
What was the effect of Gettysburg on Lee's movements?
Lee never penetrated as far into Union territory again
58
What was the effect of Gettysburg on Lee's tactics?
Gettysburg onwards marked a move to a defensive position, trying to make Union victories come at a high cost (impacting the 1864 Election).
59
If Lee had won Gettysburg, why would he arguably have not succeeded in the long-term?
Lee could not have held a northern city for any length of time and would have had to retreat.
60
Why was Union morale unlikely to collapse even if they had lost Gettysburg?
The Union army was winning significant victories in the West (e.g. Vicksburg), meaning Union morale was unlikely to collapse even if they had lost Gettysburg.
61
Why did Meade's actions following Gettysburg mean that the result at Gettysburg did not make a military defeat of the Confederacy inevitable?
Meade failed to follow up his victory and Lee’s army were able to retreat and regroup.
62
Why were other battles arguably more decisive than Gettysburg?
Other battles perhaps had a greater impact; e.g. Vicksburg where 30,000 Confederate prisoners were taken or Antietam where Union victory was followed by the Emancipation Proclamation.
63
How many Confederate prisoners were taken at Vicksburg?
30,000
64
When was the Capture of Vicksburg?
May 18-14 July 1863
65
In April 1863, Grant sought to capture what territory?
Vicksburg
66
To capture Vicksburg, Grant marched his army down the west side of what?
The Mississippi
67
To capture Vicksburg, what did Grant rely on?
He relied on Admiral Porter’s ironclad fleet sailing past Vicksburg on
68
Whose ironclad fleet sailed past Vicksburg?
Admiral Porter’s
69
To capture Vicksburg, Grant's army was ferried across what?
The Mississippi
70
How did Grant capture Vicksburg?
Grant cut inland and in three weeks he won several battles and besieged Vicksburg.
71
When did Confederate troops surrender at Vicksburg?
4 July 1863
72
How many Confederate troops surrendered at Gettysburg?
30,000
73
When was Port Hudson captured?
9 July 1863
74
What was the effect of Vicksburg being captured?
The Confederacy was cut in two.
75
When was the Battle of Chattanooga?
September 21-25 November 1863
76
Who fought in the Battle of Chattanooga?
Lee & Longstreet v. Grant
77
In which theatre of war was the Battle of Chattanooga fought?
Western Theatre (Chattanooga, Tennessee)
78
Who advanced against General Bragg at Chattanooga?
General Rosecrans
79
When did Bragg give battle at Chickamauga?
19-20 September 1863
80
When Bragg gave battle at Cickamauga on 19-20 September, how many men reinforced him from the Army of North Virginia?
12,000 men from the Army of North Virginia.
81
What enabled the Union army to retreat to Chattanooga?
The brave action of Thomas.
82
Why did the Union look like it was going to lose the Battle of Chattanooga?
It was so short on food that they thought they would have to surrender.
83
How did Grant ensure that the Union did not have to surrender at Chattanooga?
Grant acted swiftly, ensuring Chattanooga was supplied and then storming Lookout Mountain on 24 November.
84
At Chattanooga, when did Grant storm Lookout Mountain?
24 November 1863
85
On the day rebel forces retreated at Chattanooga, what did Grant's men besiege?
Missionary Ridge
86
How many Union casualties were there at Chattanooga?
16,500
87
How many Confederate casualties were there at Chattanooga?
18,500
88
How was Chattanooga significant for Grant?
A Union victory confirmed that Grant was the Union’s greatest general.
89
Who won the Battle of Chattanooga?
The Union
90
What were severe blows to southern morale by 1864-5?
The defeats at Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga were severe blows to southern morale.
91
By December 1863, what large areas were under Union control?
By December 1863, large areas of Arkansas, Tennessee, and Louisiana were under Union control.
92
By December 1863, what were Union forces preparing to invade.
Union forces were preparing to invade Georgia.
93
Why was the South far from beaten in December 1863?
The South was far from beaten, with the Union facing the problem of long supply lines in the west.In the east the Confederacy still had Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia.
94
By December 1863, what did the Confederacy still have in the east?
The Confederacy still had Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia.
95
Who did Lincoln appoint as General-in-Chief of all the Union armies in March 1864?
Ulysses S. Grant
96
When was Grant appointed as General-in-Chief of the Union armies?
March 1864
97
When Grant was made General-in-Chief, who took over the West?
Sherman
98
When Grant was made General-in-Chief, why did Sherman come east?
To supervise the effort to destroy Lee.
99
In 1864, Grant planned for a simultaneous what?
Grant planned for a simultaneous movement all along the line.
100
Under Grant's 1864 plan, who would attack Lee?
The 115,000-strong Army of the Potomac.
101
Under Grant's 1864 plan, who would capture Atlanta and inflict as much damage as possible?
Sherman
102
Under Grant's 1864 plan, who was to capture Mobile?
30,000 men in Louisiana, led by General Nathaniel Banks.
103
Under Grant's 1864 plan, who was to threaten Richmond and where from?
Butler’s 30,000 strong-army at Yorktown.
104
Under Grant's 1864 plan, who was to occupy the Shenandoah Valley?
Sigel, with 26,000 men
105
In 1864, the Confederacy passed legislation that made who liable for conscription?
17-50-year-old men
106
In 1864, how was the morale of the Army of North Virginia?
The morale of the Army of North Virginia remained high.
107
In 1864, how was the morale of the Army of Tennessee?
Johnston, in command of the Army of Tennessee, improved morale in the West.
108
In 1864, experienced Union troops who were due to go home were offered what?
$400 and 30 days' leave.
109
How many re-enlisted to the Union armies in 184?
136,000
110
How many did not re-enlist to the Union armies in 184?
100,000
111
Why did Grant's 1864 plan not go to plan?
Banks was defeated in the Red River area.Butler failed to exert pressure on Richmond.Union forces in the Shenandoah were defeated; in July a 10,000-strong rebel force pushed up the valley and reached the suburbs of Washington, forcing Grant to send reinforcements to defend the capital.
112
In the execution of Grant's 1864 plan, what happened to Banks?
Banks was defeated in the Red River area.
113
In the execution of Grant's 1864 plan, what happened to Butler?
Butler failed to exert pressure on Richmond.
114
In the execution of Grant's 1864 plan, what happened in the Shenandoah?
Union forces in the Shenandoah were defeated; in July a 10,000-strong rebel force pushed up the valley and reached the suburbs of Washington, forcing Grant to send reinforcements to defend the capital.
115
During 1864, Grant hoped to manoeuvre Lee into what?
Open-field combat.
116
During 1864, Lee hoped to do what to Grant?
Lee aimed to keep Grant from Richmond, force him to attack fortified positions, and make the cost of trying to defeat the Confederacy so high that northerners would vote out Lincoln in November.
117
In May 1864, Grant threatened to do what?
Slip round Lee's flank
118
What did Union and rebel forces do on 5-6 May 1864?
On 5-6 May, Union and rebel forces met again in the same Wilderness area seen at Chancellorsville.
119
How many Union casualties were suffered on 5-6 May 1864?
18,000 - twice those of Lee.
120
After losing 18,000 men on 5-6 May 1864, what did Grant do?
Grant did not retreat, moving southwards to attempt to get between Lee and Richmond.
121
What happened on 3 June 1864?
Cold Harbor saw Grant lose 7000 men in just over one hour; Lee lost 1500.
122
How many men did Grant lose at Cold Harbor in just over one hour?
7,000
123
How man men did Lee lose at Cold Harbour in over one hour?
1,500
124
By June 1864, what status was Lee's army in?
Lee had lost many of his best officers and was short of men.
125
What happened on 12 June 1864 as a part of the Siege of Petersburg?
Union forces crossed the James River, threatening Richmond from the south and almost capturing Petersburg, a critical railway junction.
126
What was Petersburg?
A critical railway junction.
127
What saved the day for the Confederacy in the early stages of the Siege of Petersburg?
A small force led by Beauregard saved the day for the Confederacy, and Lee was forced to defend the town to save Richmond.
128
How did the Siege of Petersburg officially begin?
Both sides dug trenches.
129
What happened on 30 July 1864 as a part of the Siege of Petersburg?
The Union army tried to blast a way through southern defences.
130
How did the Union suffer injury at the Siege of Petersburg?
Union forces got bogged down in the crater created by the explosion and suffered 4500 casualties.
131
As a part of the Siege of Petersburg, Grant forced Lee on what?
Grant forced Lee on the defensive and ensured he could no longer fight a war of manoeuvre
132
Both Grant and Lee knew that a war of attrition favoured the ____.
Both Grant and Lee knew that a war of attrition favoured the Union.
133
When was the Confederacy's setback in the Shenandoah Valley?
Autumn 1864
134
How did the Confederacy face a serious setback in the Shenandoah Valley in Autumn 1864?
Sheridan, the new Union commander, chased the Confederates up the valley, winning the battles at Winchester and at Cedar Creek.
135
Sheridan won battles at which two key locations in Autumn 1864?
Winchester and Cedar Creek
136
When was the Atlanta Campaign?
May 7-September 2 1864
137
Who fought in the Atlanta Campaign?
Johnston (70,000) (Then Hood) v. Sherman (100,000)
138
How many men did Johnston have during the Atlanta Campaign?
70,000
139
How many men did Sherman have during the Atlanta Campaign?
100,000
140
In which theatre of war did the Atlanta Campaign take place in?
Western Theatre (Atlanta, Georgia)
141
What was Atlanta?
Georgia’s capital and an important industrial/rail center.
142
When did Sherman and 100,000 men leave Chattanooga and go towards Atlanta?
May 1864
143
When Sherman headed towards Atlanta, what did Johnston and 70,000 men do?
They retreated.
144
When did Union forces reach the outskirts of Atlanta during the Atlanta Campaign?
July 1864
145
During the Atlanta Campaign, who did Davis replace Johnston with and how effective was this?
Davis replaced Johnston with Hood (little skill as a commander).
146
During the Atlanta Campaign, a series of attacks on Union lines led to the loss of how many Confederates?
20,000 Confederates
147
When was Hood forced to abandon Atlanta?
August 1864
148
What was the significance of the Atlanta Campaign?
The capture of Atlanta was an important boost to northern morale.
149
When was the March through Georgia?
Autumn 1864
150
Who led the March through Georgia?
Sherman
151
Before the March through Georgia, who did Sherman leave to watch Hood?
Thomas
152
How many men did Sherman lead on the March through Georgia?
62,000
153
The March through Georgia went from Georgia to where?
Savannah on the coast
154
What was Sherman's aim with the March through Georgia?
Cutting adrift from supplies, Sherman’s aim was to demoralise the South, destroying its capacity and its will to fight.
155
During his March through Georgia, Sherman left how big a swath of destruction?
100 km wide
156
When did Union forces capture Savannah?
Mid-December
157
How long was the March through Georgia?
450 km
158
How much damage did Sherman deal on Georgia (and the Confederacy)?
$100 million, crippling the railway network and gave a lie to the Confederates’ promise to protect its people.
159
The March through Georgia was the first example of what?
Total warfare.
160
When were the battles at Franklin and Nashville?
Winter 1864
161
Who fought in Franklin and Nashville?
Hood (23,000) v. Thomas (50,000)
162
How many men did Hood have during Franklin and Nashville?
23,000
163
How many men did Thomas have during Franklin and Nashville?
50,000
164
In which theatre were Franklin and Nashville fought?
Western Theatre (Franklin and Nashville, Tennessee)
165
Who won Franklin and Nashville?
The Union (Thomas)
166
Instead of trying to stop Sherman after his march, what did Hood do?
He invaded Tennessee.
167
How successful was Hood's scheme to defeat Thomas, reconquer Kentucky, and then help Lee?
It came to nothing.
168
What happened on 30 November during Franklin and Nashville?
Hood ordered a suicidal assault on Union forces at Franklin, where losses were three times that of the North.
169
The Union was pulled back to where in Winter 1864?
Nashville
170
What did Hood besiege for two weeks in Winter 1864?
Nashville
171
When did Thomas strike the most complete victory of the war?
15-16 December
172
What was the importance of Franklin and Nashville?
It showed Thomas was one of the Civil War’s unsung heroes. It virtually destroyed Hood and the Army of Tennessee.
173
Franklin and Nashville showed Thomas to be what?
Showed Thomas was one of the Civil War’s unsung heroes.
174
Franklin and Nashville destroyed what?
It virtually destroyed Hood and the Army of Tennessee.
