1861-70 (Booklet 4) Flashcards
When was Italy legally unified?
March 1861
When did Cavour die?
June 1861
When did Garibaldi attempt to capture Rome and why did he fail?
- Ratazzi stopped him to reassure French.
When and what was the September convention?
- Napoleon would withdraw from from within 2 years, VE would move capital from Turin to Florence. 23 died protesting in Turin.
What taxes were introduced?
Flour tax 1865. Grist tax 1868, 250 died rioting.
When did Cavour die and Give each PM after that
Died 1861. Ricasoli (1861-62), Ratazzi (mar-dec 1862), Farini (1862-63), Minghetti (1863-64), La Mamora (1864-66)
Popes reaction to new Italian state
Syllabus of errors, not accepting liberalism, modernisation and religious consideration.
What did the Vatican council do in response to losing church property?
1869 dogma of papal infallibility. Reject liberalism and progressiveness.
Casati law, how did it chase disunity?
1859 primary education compulsory. BUT most south illiterate, no regional consideration.
How was the Brigands war a result of piedmontisation?
Piedmontisation of army led to foot soldiers being released, then went to Sicily 1861-65. Conscription took 25,000 men away from farms. 82k brigands 1862 vs 120k army.
Economic issue
Cavours policies left 2450 lire deficit.
Transport
Mount cenis tunnel 1871. Linked France (trade) but only to north.
Third war of Italian independence
- battle of custoza and lisa. Italy 250,000 men vs Austria 130,000. 12 ironclad ships vs 7. But inexperienced, only 25% reached front lines, so lost.
Garibaldi
Left caldera 1862 with 4000 men. Failed miserably.
Foreign powers unification with Rome
France withdrew Roman garrison to fight Prussia. Capital moved form Florence to Rome 1871.
Social and economic problems
Grist tax. 1/2 poor died before age 5.
Papal opposition
90% catholic support papal opposition to new state.
Political disunity and irredentism.
Narrow electorate, 2% literate eligible. Irredentists annoying.
What was the franco-Prussian war?
1870 unification with Rome. Nap withdrew garrison to help with battle, after French defeat by Prussia at sedan, PM Lanza formal agreement with Spain, Austria and catholic German states to send troops to Rome. Pope rejected peaceful take over, so sept 1870 advanced towards Rome- under siege. Rome fell 20th sept 1870, 49 Italian soldiers, 4 officers, 19 papal troops dead. Pius IX remained intransigent.
What was the Austro-prussian war?
1866 Austria conceded Venetia to French, who then gifted it to Italy. (Despite loss at custoza at lisa 1866)
How did piedmontisation cause disunity?
Forced pace of economic/political unity- social division due to state’s ignorance of rural affairs. 1861 legal system Naples changed by 52 decrees in 2 days. Everything standardised BUT 1870 only 57% of stock changed into lira. Cavour instructed La mamora to sweep away Lombardi systems. Education paid for by attacking church- 2300 monasteries closed. Brigands war.
How did the political state of Piedmont help disunity after 1861?
Cavour died malaria 1861- unstable PMs. Ratazzi stop Garibaldi. Darin I tried to stab VEII. 1861 2% could vote- 25 yr old literates (75% illiterate) and pay 40 lira taxes. VEII of Piedmont still, not VE of Italy. Casati laws inconsiderate of south. Cavour ordered farini to crush rebels in southern 1860 uprising.
What we’re some economic and social problems in 1866 that caused disunity?
1866 repayment interest 60% of state income- 1868 grist tax- 250 dead, 1k wounded in riots. 30% food produce used on debt each year. Abolition of trade tariffs- dual economy- southern deindustrialisation. 3m/26m employed in industry 1861.
How did transport issues cause disunity?
Most of 2773 of railways didn’t link states- only connections in north- dual economy. Little investment in roads, rails privatised 1857.
