1800 - 1900 World Power

Question 1

What is Manifest Destiny

Answer 1

The belief that Americans have the God-given right to spread their beliefs

Question 2

Financial motives for expansion

Answer 2

• Americas industrial economy had grown rapidly and there was a fear their market had become to saturated
• They felt that if other European powers continued to grow America would be left behind

Question 3

What was the influential book in 1890? 📖

Answer 3

In 1890 Alfred Thayer Mahn published ‘The Influence of Sea Power on History’

Question 4

What year did America become the 3rd largest sea power?

Answer 4

1900

Question 5

What is the Monroe Doctrine?

Answer 5

1823
It stated that if the western hemisphere was no longer open to European colonisation, the US would regard any attempt as a threat against its security.

Question 6

The Anti Imperialist League

Answer 6

In 1890 a minority group formed in opposition to expansion and imperialism. They said that the US did not look after its own people and didn’t have the expertise to run an empire like Britain

Question 7

Britain and Venezuela
1895

Answer 7

In 1895 Britain fell into a border dispute with Venezuela over British Guiana as it is in the western hemisphere the US stepped in and the matter was settled.

Question 8

Samoa 1889

Answer 8

A protectorate was established with the US, Britain and Germany over the Samoan islands. this lasted until 1899

Question 9

Hawaii

Answer 9

In 1890 the islands right to export duty-free sugar into the US was abolished leading to a fall in demand. this caused anti foreign sentiment led by the Queen. In 1893 American settlers and US Marines defeated Queen Liliuokalani and setting up a pro American government

Question 10

When was Hawaii annexed by the US?

Answer 10

1959 Hawaii was given full statehood

Question 11

When was the Spanish American war?

Answer 11

1898

Question 12

The USS Maine

Answer 12

President McKinley wanted to stay out of the conflict but when on the 15th February 1898 the USS Maine exploded in Cuba’s Havana Harbour. more than 260 US sailors were killed. This led to newspapers influencing peoples beliefs and making people want to fight

Question 13

US Victory in Cuba

Answer 13

Spain was underprepared
America attacked the Philippine islands and sank 10 ships
12th August an armistice was signed
the Secretary of State called it a ‘splendid little war’

Question 14

How many soldiers died in the Spanish American war?

Answer 14

The US lost 379 men in fighting and 5,000 from disease out of the original 28,000 sent

Question 15

What was the Paris Treaty 1898?

Answer 15

This was the agreement signed after the Spanish American War
America was given control of the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Guam
Cuba was recognised as independent but American troops stayed on the island for 4 years

Question 16

The Teller Amendment 1898

Answer 16

This amendment declared that Spain should give up their control over Cuba and Cuba be made independent. The amendment allowed the US the right to use military force to help Cuba gain its independence. They promised that they would not “exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction or control” over Cuba

Question 17

The Platt Amendment 1901?

Answer 17

America forced Cuba to agree that although they were independent America had the right to intervene to “protect the life, property and individual liberties”

Question 18

Big Stick Diplomacy 1901-1909

Answer 18

Following William McKinley, Theodore Roosevelts new foreign policy approach that emphasizes the use of military power and the threat of military intervention to achieve foreign policy goals.

Question 19

The Panama Canal

Answer 19

From 1881-1887 the construction of the canal was being carried out by a French company responsible for the Suez canal in Egypt. They had spent $300 million and twenty thousand lives to build a third of the canal.
They asked the US to buy the land of them for $10 million which they later raised to $25 million.
Meanwhile the Panamanians revolted against the Columbian rule, Columbia sent troops to put down the revolt only to be stopped by US ships.
An agreement was made allowing America to continue the construction of the canal
The canal opened 15th August 1914

Question 20

The Roosevelt Corollary

Answer 20

IN 1904 Roosevelt addressed congress with what become known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine saying that the US was justified to intervene to forestall involvement from outsiders.

Question 21

The Russo Japanese war

Answer 21

The rivalry between Russia and Japan broke out in a war as Japan felt that Russia threatened their ambitions in China and Korea. February 1904 Japanese war ships attacked the Russian fleet. When Japan signalled they would welcome a peace treaty a conference was held in Portsmouth sponsored by Roosevelt. The agreements were in favour of Japan giving them control of Korea.

Question 22

why did the USA want to be involved in China?

Answer 22

American politicians and businessmen wanted more involvement in China. With 3.5 billion square miles and a population three times the size of the US the potential markets were huge.

Question 23

China and Open Door Policy

Answer 23

McKinley’s secretary of State sent a letter to the European capitals asking for an open door policy regarding trade in China which was ignored but he still announced that they had accepted.

Question 24

What is ‘Open Door Policy’?

Answer 24

The Open Door policy was a statement of principles initiated by the United States in 1899 and 1900. It called for equal privileges for all countries trading with China and for the support of Chinese territorial and administrative integrity

Question 25

What do historians believe about America’s ‘informal empire’?

Answer 25

Historians believe that America was building an informal empire rather than directly colonising areas. America used its economic power to extend its influence not its military

Question 26

The Boxer Rebellion 1899

Answer 26

June 1899 the Society of Harmonious Righteous Fists (Boxers) began a revolt against foreign domination. They murdered hundreds of European and Chinese Christians. A year later a multi-national force was sent to crush the rebellion with the US contributing 2,500 troops

Question 27

The Great White Fleet

Answer 27

Before Roosevelt left the White House in early 1909 he celebrated America’s rise to world power. In 1907 he sent the entire US Navy by then the second largest after Britain on a grand tour around the world

Question 28

Positives and negatives of the Great White Fleet

Answer 28

Some people saw it as protection and others saw it as intimidation. America saw itself as superior with racist ideologies

Question 29

Dollar Diplomacy

Answer 29

The use of a countries financial power to extend its international influence
William Taft encouraged this idea and focused more on economics rather than military

Question 30

Mexican Civil War

Answer 30

In 1920 he sent US Marines into Mexico after the Mexican government was overthrown and a group attacked American soldiers

Question 31

Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy

Answer 31

Woodrow Wilson was critical of ‘Dollar Diplomacy’ and interference with other countries however he did send troops to Mexico, Hatti and increased control over the Dominican Republic

Question 32

Neutrality WW1

Answer 32

Woodrow Wilson proclaimed US neutrality on the 4th August 1914. The US would stay out of the conflict which many Americans agreed with

Question 33

Problems with Neutrality WW1

Answer 33

Staying neutral became more difficult as the US quickly became economically involved. The war created a boom in American industry and agricultural sales. Money was loaned to Europe. By 1917 the they had loaned $2 billion to the allies and $27 million to Germany

Question 34

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Answer 34

The British blockade of Germany aimed to prevent supplies being delivered disrupted American trade. In response German submarines would sink any ship in the war zone. These attacks stopped when multiple American ships were sunk and the US warned that if this continued they would have to get involved

Question 35

The Lusitania

Answer 35

In 1918 Germany continued their method of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare resulting in the sinking of the Lusitania killing 2,000 people 128 were American

Question 36

Reasons the US joined WW1

Answer 36

• The sinking of the Lusitania
• The Zimmerman Telegram
• The Russian Revolution

Question 37

What was the Zimmerman telegram?

Answer 37

In January 1917 a telegram was intercepted from Germany to Mexico. Germany promised that if Mexico attacked the US they would be given Texas and Arizona

Question 38

How did the Russian Revolution impact US foreign policy?

Answer 38

They were now seen as a democratic country and the US could support them and the allies fight against Germany

Question 39

How many US soldiers died during WW1?

Answer 39

100,000

Question 40

how much money did the US spend during WW1?

Answer 40

$35 Billion

Question 41

Who did Germany Go to for a peace treaty?

Answer 41

America as they felt they would be more lenient as they had not been fighting on their own land and that Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen points would be the basis of the treaty

Question 42

What was Woodrow Wilson’s 14 point plan?

Answer 42

Wilson believed in the good of people and the desire to improve the world, he tried to identify the cause of the war and remove the problem to prevent future conflict.

Question 43

What problems did Wilson face during the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 43

There was conflicting aims within the terms of the treaty. Britain, France and Italy had been fighting the war for much longer and on their own land. There were conflicts over borders and reparations.
When wilson returned from Paris the republicans refused the current terms and were against the league of nations.
The treaty failed to prevent future conflicts.

Question 44

The USA and the League of Nations

Answer 44

The US did not officially join the
league of nations despite attending many of its international meetings. They stated that
decisions including declaring war, finance and arms could only be decided by congress and not
The league. They felt that they didn’t want to be
Controlled by the league or get involved in
European affairs.

Question 45

Which two presidents following Wilson supported isolationism?

Answer 45

Harding and Coolidge
They were Republican
both believed America’s role in the world was primarily economic not political.

Question 46

The Washington Naval Conference 1921-22

Answer 46

This was a conference which aimed to put limits on the Navy’s of world powers. They agreed to reduce the size of the leading navy’s of the US, Britain, Japan, France and Italy 5:5:3:1 ¾ : 1 ¾, this wasn’t a fair ratio between all of the powers, America wanted to limit the size of other navy’s without impacting their own. however their was no enforcement clause

Question 47

The Kellogg Briand Pact 1926

Answer 47

America and 62 other countries signed a pact condemning the use of war. However this was a weak pact as there was no clause stating how the pact would be enforced so could easily be broken.

Question 48

US Involvement in Latin America 1920-1930’s

Answer 48

The US had a changing approach to Latin America in the 1920’s - 1930’s
They had more interest in Latin America than europe. They withdrew troops from Cuba and the Dominican Republic, and Columbia was paid $25 million in reparations for America’s role in the Panamanian revolution. 2 thirds of cuban sugar production was owned by america as well as half of venezuelan oil.
They had more economic involvement then political
Hoover goes on a goodwill tour of Latin America.
Roosevelt corollary (this had the right to intervene) was removed

Question 49

Who was president 1933 - 1945?

Answer 49

Franklin D Roosevelt

Question 50

What were FD Roosevelts attitudes to foreign policy?

Answer 50

He believed in a more open foreign policy however in his first few years in power he was distracted with the Wall Street Crash to do much about foreign policy.

Question 51

What was the Nye Committee?

Answer 51

A poll was carried out showing that 70% of the American public felt that they should have never joined ww1

Question 52

What was the Pan American Conference?

Answer 52

The Pan American conference 1938 the USA and 21 other countries agreed that they would consult in the event of a threat to anyone of them.

Question 53

What were the Oxford Boycotts?

Answer 53

In 1936 students took part in a boycott of lectures protesting the use of war similar to ones taking place in Oxford. In the 1936 elections Roosevelt promised to keep the US out of another war.

Question 54

What were the Neutrality Acts?

Answer 54

• 1935 Neutrality Act -Embargo on trading arms and war materials with all parties
• 1936 Neutrality Act forbade loans to all parties at war but it did not cover Civil wars
• 1937 Neutrality Act extended embargo to cover Civil wars
  1937 US banned from travelling on belligerent ships (trying to avoid repetition of Lusitania 1915 attack)

Question 55

What was the Ludlow Amendment?

Answer 55

The Ludlow amendment meant that a referendum was required before a president could declare war.

Question 56

How did the US prepare for WW2?

Answer 56

They tried to keep peace for as long as possible by making deals between countries
The naval expansion act allowed a 20% increase in the US navy bringing them inline with Germany and Japan.
In 1939 he was given $525 million for air defence.
At the start of the war the American army was still small and was only 185,000 men
Propaganda was used to keep the American public on the British side Roosevelt encouraged congress to push through The Selective Training and Service Act of 1940, also known as the Burke–Wadsworth Act, enacted September 16, 1940, was the first peacetime conscription in United States history and required men 21-36 to register. (later extended to 18-45)

Question 57

What was Cash & Carry?

Answer 57

The Neutrality Act of 1937 allowed a provision for Roosevelt that Fighting nations to purchase important wartime resources such as oil from the United States. There was a provision in the act that said the goods had to be transported, or “carried,” on non-American ships. Another provision required that the fighting powers had to pay for the goods with cash. It was referred to as the “cash-and-carry” principle. Roosevelt went further when he managed to give 50 old First World War destroyers to England in return for naval bases in British colonies.

Question 58

What was Lend and Lease?

Answer 58

The Lend Lease Act allowed the US to lend/lease arms, supplies or food to any nation if it felt ‘that country’s defence was necessary for the defence of America.’ Congress allocated $50 billion to $31 billion to the British When the USSR was attacked by the Nazis in June 1941 the Lend Lease programme was extended to them.

Question 59

What was the Atlantic Charter?

Answer 59

The Atlantic Charter was a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of World War II, months before the US officially entered the war. The joint statement, later dubbed the Atlantic Charter, outlined the aims of the United States and the United Kingdom for the post-war world

Question 60

The Attack on Pearl Harbour

Answer 60

On December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack against the
United States at Pearl Harbour naval base in Hawaii, America’s vital
outpost in the Pacific.
over 2000 Americans were killed. Congress declared war on December 8; three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on the United States

Question 61

What was The Battle of the Atlantic?

Answer 61

After the attack on Pearl Harbour, Hitler ordered submarine raids against ships along America’s east coast. The German aim in the Battle of the Atlantic was to prevent food and war materials from reaching Great Britain and the Soviet Union. Unprotected American ships proved to be easy targets for the Germans. The Allies responded by organising their cargo ships into convoys. Convoys were groups of ships travelling together for mutual protection,

Question 62

Battle of the Atlantic Liberty Ships

Answer 62

By early 1943, 140 Liberty ships were produced each month. Launchings of Allied ships began to outnumber sinkings. By mid-1943, the tide of the Battle of the Atlantic had turned.

Question 63

What was the Battle of Midway?

Answer 63

A surprise attack aimed at the Allied base at Midway Island. Midway is located in the Pacific Ocean almost directly in between the United States and Japan. It was aimed to distract the US fleet and destroy ships like at pearl harbour. The US managed to decode messages and prepare for the attack

Question 64

The North African Front

Answer 64

They launched Operation Torch, an invasion of Axis-controlled North Africa, commanded by American General Dwight D. Eisenhower. In November 1942, some 107,000 Allied troops, the great majority of them Americans. After months of heavy fighting, the last of the Afrika Korps surrendered in May 1943.

Question 65

D Day

Answer 65

The invasion of northwest Europe was launched on the 6th June 1944, a combined attack with Britain, America and Canada to invade Germany and free France. The Allies gathered a force of nearly 3 million troops together. They landed on beaches along the coast of France the most famous benign Omaha.

Question 66

The Atomic Bomb

Answer 66

On August 6, an atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima three days later a second bomb was dropped over Nagasaki. By the end of the year, an estimated 200,000 people had died

Question 67

What was the economic impact of WW2 on The US?

Answer 67

Huge manufacturing and agricultural production increased, they were now an economic superpower

Question 68

What Happened at the Yalta Conference

Answer 68

February 1945
Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin
Agreed a post war settlement, Stalin would enter war with Japan, Germany forced to surrender, Reparations, Germany divided, free elections

Question 69

What happened at the Potsdam Conference?

Answer 69

July 1945
Atlee, Truman, Stalin
Moving Poland’s boarders, Russia could only take reparations from their own zone, prosecute Nazi war criminals, the terms of surrender for Japan, reversal of Nazi annexations

Question 70

The Berlin Airlift

Answer 70

The crisis started on June 24th 1948, when soviet forces blockaded rail, road and water access to allied controlled areas of Berlin. The crisis ended on May 12th 1949 when the soviet forces lifted the blockade on land access to western Berlin.

Question 71

Churchill’s Iron Curtain Speech

Answer 71

6th March 1946 Churchill made a speech highlighting the tensions across Europe and the ideological divide. He described an ‘iron curtain’ splitting Communism and Capitalism

Question 72

The Long Telegram 1946

Answer 72

A telegram sent by George Kennan an American diplomate based in Russia describing Russia’s plans to destroy their enemies out of fear of foreign intervention

Question 73

What was the Truman Doctrine 1947?

Answer 73

Britain asked for support in Greece to fight against communism the US agreed and offered financial support to ALL countries facing a communist take over

Question 74

What was the Marshal Plan?

Answer 74

The US gave out $13.5 billion over 5 years in aid to countries to help them recover after WWII. They showed this as helping other countries recover but really it was a plan to prevent the spread of communism

Question 75

NATO

Answer 75

The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation set up 4th April 1949.
Singed by 12 countries agreeing to support each other against a communist attack.

Question 76

US involvement in the Korean war

Answer 76

Following WW2 The US and USSR divided Korea into two zones. In 1950 Northern troops invaded the south with the support of the USSR. When the war reached a stalemate negotiations began. The US lost 54,000 troops.