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8 COMPUTER SCIENCE > 1.8 Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Environmental Concerns COMPLETE > Flashcards

1.8 Ethical, Legal, Cultural and Environmental Concerns COMPLETE Flashcards

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1
Q

Define legislation

A

The law which has been created by acts of Parliament.

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2
Q

What does the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) do?

A

Protects files from being copied and makes it illegal for them to be used for commercial purposes without permission

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3
Q

What are the 3 offences of the Computer Misuse Act (1990)?

A

Unauthorised:

1) Access to computer material.
2) Access with intent to commit further offences.
3) Modification of a computer / programs.

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4
Q

What does the Data Protection Act (1998) do?

A

Prevents the misuse of your personal info (must be processed fairly and lawfully).

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5
Q

Define data subject

A

A person who has data stored about them.

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6
Q

Define data controller

A

A person, company or organisation who decides how the personal data will be stored and processed.

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7
Q

What does the Freedom of Information Act (2000) do?

A

Allows people to find out information about public organisations (with some restrictions).

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8
Q

What does the Creative Commons Licensing do?

A

Allows others to use work that is copyrighted, but with conditions.

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9
Q

What is the problem with higher-skill jobs?

A

It makes low-skill workers unemployed.

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10
Q

What is the digital divide?

A

Not everyone in the world has access to technology and the Internet - some people being able to afford and others not

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11
Q

Name a cultural implication of Computer Science

A

The digital divide

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12
Q

Give 2 examples of the environmental impact of Computer Science

A

Any 2 points from: computers use large quantities of raw materials and energy - some of these are finite resources and we are running out of sources of them. disposing of old computer equipment is costly to the environment (toxic metals i.e. cadmium and lead) and disposing of these incorrectly causes pollution including groundwater pollution from landfill. Electricity supply - more tech - mode need, more power stations/sources

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13
Q

What does UPS stand for?

A

Uninterruptible Power Supply:

Used by data centres.

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14
Q

What is Open Source Software?

A

1) Software which users can modify or distribute.
2) Can be installed on any number of computers.
3) Users have access to the source code to further modify and develop the software.

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15
Q

What is Proprietary Software?

A

1) Software which users can’t modify as it’s protected by Copyright Design & Patents Act and users do not have access to the source code.
2) Usually paid for and licensed per user or per computer.
3) Usually restricts the number of users or machines that the software can be installed on.

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16
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

Anyone with an interest in an issue

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17
Q

What cultural implications does online shopping have?

A

High street closing, more isolation, lots more delivery drivers

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18
Q

As as a result of recent developments in technology, we have become more/less dependent on tech

A

more

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19
Q

What does family/peer pressure mean in terms of cultural implications of Computer Science?

A

Pressure put on you to buy things/stay up to date with the latest technology

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20
Q

Family/peer pressure can lead to d___

A

debt

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21
Q

Increased use of devices has lead to an increase/decrease in the time people spend with their family.

A

decrease

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22
Q

What is an disadvantage of open source software?

A

There is no support

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23
Q

List 3 of the rules from the Data Protection Act (1998)

A

Personal information must be… (any 3 from): fairly and lawfully processed, processed for limited purposes, adequate, relevant and not excessive, accurate and updated, not be kept for longer than necessary, processed in line with the data subjects’ rights, secure and not be transferred to other countries without adequate protection

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24
Q

What does the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1988) protect?

A

Intellectual property such as ideas, music, software and written material

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25
Q

Computer scientists must obey laws and act in ways that are considered…

A

moral and good by society

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26
Q

Everyone, including computer scientists, must/should/could behave in a legal way and obey any laws that govern the use of computer systems

A

must

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27
Q

Computer scientists must/should/could behave ethically and act in ways that individuals and societies think of as reflecting good values

A

should

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28
Q

Ethics describe guidelines for computer users to follow whereas the law describes…

A

rules that computer users must obey to prevent misuse of computer systems

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29
Q

Ethical principles can be applied anywhere in the world - they are not restricted to national legislation whereas laws…

A

may vary from country to country

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30
Q

It is immoral not to follow ethical code but it is not a crime, whereas it is _______ to not follow laws

A

illegal

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31
Q

Computer users must/should/could follow the law or face prosecution

A

Must

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32
Q

Organisations such as the Computer Ethics Institute publish ethical statements for…

A

computer professionals and users

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33
Q

Give an example of one of the 10 Commandments of Computer Ethics

A

Any 1 from thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people, thou shalt not snoop around in other people’s computer files and thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow humans

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34
Q

Professional organisations such as the British Computer Society have developed professional codes of _______ that outline appropriate professional behaviour

A

conduct

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35
Q

Give a membership rule for the British Computer Society

A

Members should develop their professional skills and competence or members should never claim a level of competence that they do not possess

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36
Q

Computer science technologies have had a significant/insignificant effect on the ways in which people live, work and relate to each other

A

significant

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37
Q

What is a stakeholder?

A

A person or group of people who own or have an interest in a business or organisation

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38
Q

Give 3 stakeholders in a school

A

Any 3 from students, teachers and other employees, parents, local community and the local authority

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39
Q

We are/are not all stakeholders in the society in which we live

A

are

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40
Q

As stakeholders of the society we live in, do we have rights from it?

A

Yes

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41
Q

As stakeholders of the society we live in, do we have duties/responsibilities to it?

A

Yes

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42
Q

The whole population of the world are/are not stakeholders in computer science technologies

A

are

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43
Q

True/False: All stakeholders have responsibilities to use computer equipment ethically and not use it to harm others

A

True

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44
Q

True/False: All stakeholders do not have responsibilities to protect the environment and dispose of old equipment in the correct way

A

False, they do

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45
Q

Do stakeholders have rights to share in the benefits of using computer equipment?

A

Yes, but not all of them do

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46
Q

What does the digital divide describe?

A

The gap between the digital ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’, where the ‘have-nots’ have poor or no access to technology

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47
Q

Give causes of the digital divide

A

Any 2 from lack of access to broadband, being unable to afford to access it and low IT literacy

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48
Q

True/False: Mobile technology allows wider communication as it is not restricted to expensive infrastructure (fixed telephone lines)

A

True

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49
Q

Give 2 examples of mobile communications

A

Any 2 from voice, text and media messages, video conferencing, emails, social networking, etc

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50
Q

True/False: Social networking sites allow people to communicate wherever they are to instantly publish personal thoughts and ideas

A

True

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51
Q

True/False: Social networking sites allow people to communicate wherever they are to campaign on social and political issues

A

True

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52
Q

True/False: Social networking sites allow people to communicate wherever they are to share images, videos and music with friends and family all over the world

A

True

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53
Q

The interconnection of people across the world is called:

A

globalisation

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54
Q

Developments in computer science technologies have had a huge/small impact on people’s access to information and the interconnection of people across the world

A

huge

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55
Q

Give 2 benefits of retailers being able to sell from an online store

A

Any 2 from there is no need to maintain a high street presence, they can target customers all over the world, customers can buy online from retailers anywhere in the world, etc

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56
Q

How have computer technologies impacted entertainment?

A

They have allowed a hugely expanded range of digital television channels, streaming and video services and home entertainment systems

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57
Q

Remote access allows…

A

Collaborative online working and sharing files

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58
Q

Give an impact that having good broadband has on home working practices

A

Any from less need for office space, less time wasted travelling to place of work and more flexible working hours

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59
Q

The gaming industry is a huge $100bn a year industry/ a small, $1m a year industry

A

a huge, $100bn a year industry

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60
Q

True/False: Top games can earn more than blockbuster films

A

True

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61
Q

How can computers be used in education?

A

For research, teaching, assessment and management

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62
Q

Give 2 examples of ways computers can be used in education

A

Any 2 from interactive whiteboards, virtual learning environments, ebook versions of textbooks and computerised administration

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63
Q

What does VLE stand for?

A

Virtual Learning Environment

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64
Q

True/False: Computers do not improve the efficiency of the running of educational establishments

A

False, they do

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65
Q

Developments in computer science technologies have had a major/minor impact on medicine

A

major

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66
Q

Give an example of a development in technology that has impacted medicine

A

Any from modern health care makes use of full body scanners for diagnosis of cancer and heart disease, DNA analysis is used to screen for genetic disorders, online patient records make it easier for different health professionals to share information, etc

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67
Q

True/False: Computer science technologies only have a negative impact on the environment

A

False, the impact they on the environment is both positive and negative

68
Q

True/False: Vast amounts of energy are consumed in production and assembly of computer equipment

A

True

69
Q

True/False: Small amounts of energy are consumed in functioning of equipment

A

False, vast amounts

70
Q

True/False: Vast amounts of energy are consumed in online data storage in data centres

A

True

71
Q

True/False: Small amounts of energy are consumed in recycling of equipment

A

False, vast amounts

72
Q

Give an example of how smarter technologies help to protect the environemnt

A

Light sensors that turn off lights when they are needed, route planners that reduce fuel consumption, etc

73
Q

True/False: No energy is used to run and cool servers used for online storage

A

False, energy is used

74
Q

Why are many servers now located in countries such as Norway?

A

They have cool climates and cheap, sustainable energy supplied from hydroelectricity

75
Q

Satellite navigation helps drivers choose the ________ routes

A

Quickest

76
Q

What is e-waste?

A

Waste created by electronic devices

77
Q

What is the problem with e-waste being illegally dumped in landfill sites?

A

Toxic waste substances can get into the land and water

78
Q

Give an example of a toxic waste substance

A

Any from lead, mercury or cobalt

79
Q

True/False: All computer components can be recycled and reused

A

False, many computer components cannot be recycled or reused

80
Q

True/False: Millions of tonnes of e-waste are dumped in developing countries every year

A

True

81
Q

True/False: Illegal tipping of e-waste causes health problems around the world

A

True

82
Q

True/False: Digital Devices contain over 60 different elements, which there are an abundance of

A

False, digital devices contain over 60 different elements - of which many are short in supply

83
Q

True/False: Most energy used comes from non-renewable resources - fossil fuels such as coal, gas and oil

A

True

84
Q

True/False: Computers help us develop and produce new sustainable materials and technologies (such as development of new energy sources)

A

True

85
Q

True/False: Paper communication reduces the number of trees cut down

A

False, paperless communication such as email reduces the number of trees cut down

86
Q

How can sustainability and e-waste issues be addressed?

A

By recycling or reusing old devices

87
Q

Give a way that old devices can be recycled

A

Any from elements can be extracted and reused, some components can be reused, unwanted items can be donated to poorer countries, etc

88
Q

Computer science allows us to monitor and study the environment and better __________ how it works and how we affect it

A

understand

89
Q

As a result of computing developments, experts from all fields can _____ research to develop better and smarter solutions

A

share

90
Q

True/False: Instant communication is a detriment to business processes

A

False, it speeds them up

91
Q

True/False: Devices kept on standby or sleep mode consume large amounts of energy

A

True

92
Q

Computer science technologies have made it possible to monitor the movement and communication of some/most/all citizens

A

all

93
Q

How do mobile phone service providers monitor where you are?

A

They keep records of calls and texts that are sent and received. The location of a phone can be tracked 24/7

94
Q

How is the location of a phone tracked 24/7?

A

By comparing the phone’s signal strength from different phone masts

95
Q

How can passports monitor where you are?

A

They are scanned at airports and immigration checkpoints when we travel abroad so that our movements in and out of different countries are monitored

96
Q

True/False: Britain has the largest network of surveillance cameras in Europe. People can be tracked in most cities

A

True

97
Q

What does ANPR stand for?

A

Automatic Number Plate Recognition

98
Q

ANPR makes it possible to…

A

track all road vehicles automatically

99
Q

What can surveillance cameras help do?

A

Deter crime and antisocial acts and provide evidence in criminal prosecutions

100
Q

There has to be a balance between security and p______

A

privacy

101
Q

True/False: Online activity is recorded and used by internet service providers

A

True

102
Q

True/False: All items of browsing history can be monitored and used for targeted advertising

A

True

103
Q

What kind of data and items of browsing history can be used for targeted advertising?

A

Things such as any searches, followed links and items bought online

104
Q

Social networking sites store a vast/small amount of information about our movements, communications, habits and activities

A

vast

105
Q

True/False: We don’t need to worry about what we post on social networking sites

A

False: care should be taken about what is posted on these sites

106
Q

Geotagging from photographs posted online can be used to…

A

monitor movements

107
Q

Legislation safeguards users’ online privacy and security and prevents…

A

the misuse of data

108
Q

What does the Data Protection Act relate to?

A

All personal data held by organisations, in paper or electronic form

109
Q

True/False: Data related to the data protection act is only data in electronic form

A

False, it can be in paper or electronic form

110
Q

Why was the Data Protection Act put in place?

A

To prevent misuse of personal data

111
Q

Under the Data Protection Act, companies holding our data are required by law to… (give 3)

A

Any 3 from keep it secure, not to ask for more data than necessary, not to keep any data longer than necessary, to keep data accurate and up to date, not to use the data for any other purpose without our consent

112
Q

Why are there concerns that data submitted online is more vulnerable to misuse?

A

It easier to access data when it is stored online

113
Q

True/False: Many organisations store personal details electronically

A

True

114
Q

Give two examples of when personal details are stored electronically

A

Any 2 from the government, NHS, social networking sites, schools, online retailers, etc

115
Q

Everyone whose data is stored is a ____ _______

A

Data subject

116
Q

Data subjects have the right to: (give 2)

A

Any 2 from inspect and check data held but the organisations can charge for this, demand that incorrect information is amended, demand that the data is not used in anyway that could harm or distress and demand that any data held by the organisation is not used for direct marketing

117
Q

True/False: Data subjects can always check data held by an organisation for free

A

False, some organisations may charge for this

118
Q

With the widespread use of the internet, it is now easier/harder to remotely log into a network and use someone;s computer and steal or corrupt data

A

Easier

119
Q

The Computer Misuse Act has _ levels of crime

A

3

120
Q

Give 2 parts of the Computer Misuse Act

A

Any 2 from no unauthorised access to computer material, no unauthorised modification of computer material and no unauthorised access to a computer with intent

121
Q

What does no unauthorised access to computer material include?

A

Logging into another person’s computer without their permission and stealing documents and programs

122
Q

What does no unauthorised modification of computer material include?

A

Destroying or corrupting a user’s files, modifying system files or creating a virus or other malware

123
Q

What does no unauthorised access to a computer with intent include?

A

Gaining access to financial or administrative records and using the information to commit a further crime

124
Q

Digital systems make it easy to share content, but ____ are needed to ensure that original work is not stolen or misused

A

laws

125
Q

What does the Copyright Designs and Patents Act do?

A

Protects people’s original work from being used without their permission

126
Q

True/False: All original work is copyright, including everything that is freely available to download from the internet

A

True

127
Q

True/False: The person who creates a work automatically owns the copyright and is the only person who has the right to reproduce, adapt or sell it

A

True

128
Q

Creators of inventions can apply for _______ that prevent others from making, using or selling the invention without their permission

A

patents

129
Q

Give 3 examples of original work

A

Any 3 from literature, music, art, films, sound, drama, images, software, etc

130
Q

What does the Freedom of Information Act create?

A

A right of access to information held by public authorities

131
Q

Give 2 public bodies that the Freedom of Information Act Includes

A

Any 2 from central and local government, the health service, schools, colleges and universities and the police and courts

132
Q

True/False: Only certain people can make a request for information under the Freedom of Information Act

A

False, anyone can make a request for information

133
Q

True/False: Requests for information under the Freedom of Information Act must be accepted

A

False

134
Q

If the data holder refuses a request under the Freedom of Information Act, an appeal can be made to the…

A

Information Commissioner

135
Q

What does Creative Commons Licensing do?

A

Gives the public permission to share and use work under certain conditions

136
Q

What does the public domain condition under the Creative Commons License mean?

A

There are no restrictions - work can be used without permission or attribution for any purpose

137
Q

What does the attribution commercial licence condition under the Creative Commons License mean?

A

Work can be used, distributed and copied as long as the creator is given credit for having created it

138
Q

What does the attribution non-commercial licence condition under the Creative Commons License mean?

A

Work can be used, distributed and copied for non-commercial purposes with suitable attribution

139
Q

What do Creative Commons Licences give people the right to do?

A

Share, use and build upon a work that an artist musician or writer has created

140
Q

Computer users have a choice of commercially-available software, which has/has not been paid for

A

has

141
Q

Computer users have a choice of open-source software, which is/isn’t free to use

A

is

142
Q

True/False: Proprietary software is commercially produced by an organisation for profit

A

True

143
Q

Give an example of proprietary software

A

Something like Windows, OS X, Microsoft Office, etc

144
Q

True/False: Proprietary software is developed professionally and carefully tested

A

True

145
Q

True/False: With proprietary software there is no support provided to keep customers happy

A

False, there is support provided to keep customers happy so that they will keep using the software

146
Q

True/False: Books, magazine articles and online tutorials can give advice and instruction about proprietary software

A

True

147
Q

True/False: Proprietary software is not updated

A

False

148
Q

True/False: Updates and bug fixes proprietary software meet the needs and suggestions of users

A

True

149
Q

True/False: With proprietary software, user licences apply conditions on the ways the software can be used and distributed

A

True

150
Q

True/False: Source code of proprietary software can be modified by users

A

False, it cannot

151
Q

True/False: The person or organisation who created the proprietary software maintains exclusive control over it

A

True

152
Q

True/False: Proprietary software is developed for specific users’ needs

A

False, it is developed for the majority of users and may not meet individual needs

153
Q

True/False: Proprietary software is free

A

False, it has to be paid for

154
Q

True/False: Support and updates for proprietary software may be expensive

A

True

155
Q

What is open source?

A

Software whose source code is available for modification or enhancement by anyone

156
Q

Give an example of open source software

A

Any from Open Office, Linux, Android, Ubuntu, etc

157
Q

True/False: With open source software, users can study the source code to see how the software works

A

True

158
Q

True/False: With open source software, users cannot change and upgrade the software

A

False, they can

159
Q

True/False: With open source software, under the license, users can pass on the software to other users at a cost

A

False, it is for no charge

160
Q

True/False: Open source software is free to use

A

True

161
Q

True/False: With open source software, users can modify the source code to adapt it to their needs

A

True

162
Q

True/False: With open source software, constant upgrades are available

A

True

163
Q

True/False: With open source software, there is no community of dedicated enthusiasts to provide help and support

A

False, there is a community of dedicated enthusiasts who will provide help and support

164
Q

True/False: Open source software appears as more professional than proprietary software and has a very user-friendly interface

A

False, open-source software may not appear as professional as proprietary software or have such a user friendly interface

165
Q

True/False: With open source software, specialist knowledge may be needed

A

True

8 COMPUTER SCIENCE (15 decks)

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