18 - Community and Hospital Acquired Infections Flashcards
What is the definition of a notifiable disease?
A disease that by law should be reported to government authorities.
Allows PHE to monitor the disease and warn of early outbreaks
How is the severity of Pneumonia scored?
CURB65
Determines treatment!
What antibiotics are given for community acquired pneumonia?
CURB 1: PO amoxicillin
CURB 2: PO amoxicillin + PO doxycycline OR IV amoxicillin + IV clarithromycin
CURB 3-5: IV co-amoxiclav + PO clarithromycin
What are some features of early and late meningitis?
What are some causative organisms of meningitis?
Bacteria: N.Meningitidis, S.Pneumoniae, H.Influenzae, Listeria Monocytogenes, E.Coli
Virus: HSV, VZV, HIV, enterovirus
Fungi: cryptococcus
Cancer
What investigations should be done if meningitis is suspected?
- Blood cultures before antibiotics
- LP within one hour (do CT head first if suspect shift of brain compartments)
- Throat swabs
- EDTA bloods for meningococcal PCR
- FBC, U+Es, glucose, LFT, Clotting, Lactate, HIV serology
What should you record in a LP for suspected meningitis and what tests should you send off for?
- Opening pressure
- Appearance e.g bloody, pus, clear, cloudy
- Send blood serum for glucose at same time
- Tests: glucose, protein
How can you tell the difference between bacterial, viral and TB meningitis based on the CSF from LP:
- Appearance
- Predominant cells
- Cell count
- Glucose
- Protein
Who and what prophylaxis should be given when a patient has meningitis?
Needs to be isolated for first 24 hours and give Ciprofloxacin to household members and anyone who has kissed patient’s mouth
How is bacterial meningitis managed?
- ISOLATE AND INFORM PUBLIC HEALTH
- Keep euvolemic, give oxygen, glycaemic control
Meningitic:
- Take blood cultures
- Perform LP within 1 hour if no signs of increased ICP
- IV abx (Ceftriaxone)
- Dexamethasone IV
Septicaemic:
- Same as above but leave LP unil stable and get ICU help
What antibiotic therapy is given for meningitis:
- Younger than 60
- Older than 60
- Pregnant or Immunocompromised
- Younger than 60: IV Ceftriaxone. If allergic use Meropenem
- Older than 60: IV Ceftriaxone PLUS IV Amoxicillin to cover for listeria. If allergic use Meropenem
- Pregnant or Immunocompromsied: same as above
How does the treatment for meningitis change if it is likely to be bacterial?
Add IV dexamethasone!!!!!!!
What are some signs of increased ICP/brain shift in meningitis?
- Papilloedema
- Uncontrolled seizures
- Focal neurology
- GCS<12
NEED TO DO CT HEAD BEFORE LP!!!!!
What are some complications with delayed treatment of meningitis?
- Deafness
- Seizures
- Permanent neurological brain damage
- Shock
- Death
- Learning disabilities
How does encephalitis present?
Prodome of infection (raised temp, lymphadenopathy, cold sores, conjuncitivitis) then:
- Odd behaviour or confusion
- Focal neruology
- Headache
- Reduce GCS
- Seizures
What are some of the causative organisms of encephalitis?
COXSAXIE MOST COMMON
Viral: HSV1/2, arboviruses, CMB, EBV, VZV, HIV, Measles, Mumps
Non-Viral: bacterial meningitis, TB, malaria, literia
What investigations should you do if you suspect encephalitis?
- Bloods: cultures, viral PCR, malaria film, glucose
- LP: send for gram stain, culture, protein, glucose, PCR for HSV/VSV/Enteroviruses/Adenoviruses
- Contrast enhanced CT: do before LP. Bilateral temporal lobe involvment is likely to be HSV
EEG: rule out status epilepticus
What is the treatment for encephalitis?
- Start aciclovir within 30 mins of arrival due to HSV
- Supportive therapy in HDU
- Symptomatic treatment e.g phenytoin for seizures
How is C.Diff infection managed before antibiotics are given?
- Send stool sample for C.Difficile toxin ASAP
- Isolate patient
- Review drugs: stop ABX, PPIs, Steroids, Laxatives, Opioids, Loperamide
What antibiotics are given for a C.Diff infection?
Vancomycin PO for 10 days
What are some markers of severe C.Diff infection?
- Temp>38.3
- Low albumin <25
- WBC rising >15
- Elevated creatinine
- Signs of severe colitis on endoscopy or radiologically
What empirical antibiotics are given for peritonitis/billiary sepsis?
Mild to Moderate (not severe sepsis or shock)
- Coamoxiclav IV
- Use meropenem IV if penicillin allergy
Admitted to ITU so severe:
- Piperacillin/Tazobactam IV
- Use meropenem IV if penicillin allergy