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Biology > 18. Biodiversity, Classification & Conservation > Flashcards

18. Biodiversity, Classification & Conservation Flashcards

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1
Q

Species

A

A group of organisms with similar morphological, physiological, behavioural and biochemical features, that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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2
Q

Ecosystem

A

A self-contained area of biotic and abiotic factors that interact together

  • community of organisms / all living organisms of all species
  • biotic and abiotic factors linked by energy flow & food webs
  • Abiotic = physical factor in environment, eg. temp, soil pH
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3
Q

Niche

A

The role of an organism in an ecosystem

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4
Q

Biodiversity

A
  • variety of speices
  • genetic variation within species
  • genetic variation between species
  • wide range of habitats
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5
Q

Endangered species

A
  • species threatened with extinction
  • numbers reduced to a critical level,
  • with such low numbers that reproduction is affected
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6
Q

The increase in area covered by forest in Italy has occurred because farmers have cultivated less of their land or have abandoned their farms altogether.

Describe how this change in land use may affect biodiversity. You should consider the 3 different levels of biodiversity in your answer. [4m]

A
  • increase in variety of habitats/ecosystems
  • increase in number of species
  • increase abundance of organisms within a species
  • increase in genetic variation
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7
Q

Actions necessary at local, national and global levels to contribute to successful conservation of biodiversity of Italy’s large mammals (grey wolf and lynx // endangered). [4m]

A
  • raise awareness / education
  • zoos / national park
  • captive breeding programme
  • ban hunting
  • roles of WWF / CITES
  • international agreement / laws
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8
Q

8 advantages of captive breeding programmes

A
  1. supplied with food
  2. monitor health of mother & offspring
  3. sperm/eggs stored
  4. {for} artificial insemination / IVF
  5. surrogacy
  6. transfer of breeding partners between zoos
  7. maintenance of records
  8. protection from diseases/predation
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9
Q

5 reasons why animals in captive breeding programmes may not always breed successfully

A
  1. no longer living in natural habitat
  2. stress
  3. behavioural changes
  4. reject mate
  5. disruption to normal reproductive cycles
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10
Q

5 reasons why many animals that have been bred in captivity are unable to survive in the wild after their release

A
  1. may find difficulty in moving around due to previous captivity
  2. lack of survival skills
  3. difficulty in obtaining food
  4. difficulty integrating with other members of their species
  5. susceptible to diseases
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11
Q

Snow leopards usually live and hunt alone. Their main prey is grazing herbivores, such as wild sheep and wild goats. The number of snow leopards has decreased dramatically in the last 40 years.

Predict the consequences to the ecosystem if the number of snow leopards continues to decrease. [3m]

A
  • number of prey increases
  • decrease in no. of plants due to overgrazing
  • damage to habitat eg. erosion
  • increase competition for plants
  • lack of food causes herbivore no. to decline
  • reduction in biodiversity
    AVP eg. disruption of food web
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12
Q

3 reasons why the actual number of an animal species may have been higher than the estimated number

A
  1. are camouflaged
  2. vast habitat to cover to locate said animals
  3. difficulty getting permission from some governments to go into certain areas
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13
Q

3 types of evidence that were used to classify animals in 1775 (before new techniques)

A
  1. morphology
  2. breeding to produce fertile offspring
  3. behaviour
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14
Q

How should seeds be stored in the seed bank to keep them viable for future use?

A

Dried / kept cool

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15
Q

Discuss whether or not an individual tree can be described as a small, distinct ecosystem. [3m]

A
  • ecosystem is a self-contained area with biotic and abiotic components that interact together
    YES
  • tree supports many species & many interactions
  • energy flow/food web occurs on 1 tree

NO

  • tree is part of larger ecosystem / interactions occur with organisms outside the tree
  • part of larger energy flow/food web
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16
Q

2 effects of small and varied sample sizes

A
  • anomaly could be missed

- smaller sample size would be less representative & less valid

17
Q

Suggest how research into insect diversity on Acacia trees is relevant to the conservation of bigger animals in the reserve, such as elephants. [3m]

A
  • species interact in the reserve
    !! - to conserve 1 species need to protect whole ecosystem
  • large animals eat acacia
18
Q

Explain how the variation in ecosystems contributes to biodiversity. [4m]

A
  • different HABITATS
  • different NICHES
  • many different SPECIES
  • genetic diversity within a species
  • different selection pressures, eg. different climate
  • different ADAPTation
19
Q

8 methods used in breeding programmes for endangered mammal species

A
  1. provide as natural environment as possible
  2. store sperm
  3. artificial insemination / IVF
  4. embryo transfer & surrogate mothers
  5. can monitor health of mother & offspring
  6. international cooperation between zoos
  7. genetic records kept in stud book
    (ensure not to breed closely related species to avoid inbreeding depression)
  8. release into the wild
20
Q

Endangered species - Bornean orangutan

A
  • endemic to the island of Borneo
    Why endangered?
    1. habitat loss due to deforestation for palm oil plantations
    2. hunted for trade in body parts
21
Q

Endangered species - Malayan tiger

A
  • found in forests throughout Peninsular Malaysia
    Why endangered?
    1. habitat loss due to deforestation for housing, agriculture
    2. hunted for illegal trade in tiger products, eg. skin, meat
    3. increased competition for food
22
Q

Endangered species - Giant Pangasius

A 
- one of the largest freshwater fish species in the world
Why endangered?
1. overfishing
2. pollution
3. decline in their prey (lack of food)
23
Q

10 ways degraded habitats may be restored, with reference to named examples

A
  1. reforestation
  2. bioremediation - using microorganisms to clean up oil spills, contaminated groundwater
  3. oxygenation of water, eg. after eutrophication
  4. neutralise pH of soil/water
  5. removal of alien species
  6. reintroduction of native species
  7. litter/waste removal
  8. removal of toxic layer of soil
  9. improving soil fertility
  10. protection against grazing

eg. the Amazon forest, waters of the Arabian sea

Biology (23 decks)

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