1750 - 1900 medicine (19th Century)

Question 1

Why were the four humours no longer accepted in the 19th century?

Answer 1

Because people thought miasma (bad air) caused disease.

Question 2

Why were Galen’s books no longer important in the 19th Century?

Answer 2

Doctors carried out dissections and used microscopes

Question 3

What was Inoculation?

Answer 3

When someone could be immunised against Small Pox using pus from sores

Question 4

What did Inoculation often lead to?

Answer 4

Small pox & death

Question 5

Describe the work of Jenner

Answer 5

He discovered the first ever vaccine for Small Pox

He injected Cow Pox into a boy so he didn’t catch the Small Pox disease

Question 6

Why did people go against Jenner’s ideas?

Answer 6

• They were worried about the side effects
• Jenner didn’t have scientific knowledge on how it worked
• Members of the church though Inoculation WASNT NATURAL

Question 7

Which female individuals made developments in nursing?

Answer 7

Mary Seacole and Florence Nightingale

Question 8

Describe the work of Mary Seacole

Answer 8

• She was from a poor background in Jamaica
• She dealt with gunshot wounds in the Crimean War
• She raised funds to continue her work after war

Question 9

Describe the work of Florence Nightingale

Answer 9

• She believed God wanted her to be a nurse
• Sorted out nursing care in the English Camp of the Crimean War
• She improved hospital ward conditions
• She took her ideas from the war back to England

Question 10

Describe the work of Pasteur

Answer 10

• He discovered bacteria growing in liquid
• He came up with the ‘Germ Theory’ that germs caused disease

…He proved people wrong when they said disease only came from miasma

Question 11

Describe the work of Koch

Answer 11

• He was interested in Pasteur’s work
• He identified the bacteria that caused Cholera and Tuberculosis
• Rivalry with Pasteur intensified during France and Germany’s rivalry in the war

Question 12

What did Pasteur’s Anthrax vaccine involve?

Answer 12

injecting a weakened version of the anthrax spore into a sheep to make it immune

Question 13

What was surgery in the 1800s like?

Answer 13

dangerous and extremely painful

Question 14

What problems faced surgeons in the 1800s?

Answer 14

Pain - patients died of shock

Infection - Surgeons wore the same dirty clothes which passed on infection

Bleeding - people died of blood loss

Question 15

How did surgeons stop patients from feeling pain in the 1800s?

Answer 15

• By getting them drunk

- Knocking them out and giving them Opium

Question 16

Who discovered Nitrous Oxide and what was it?

Answer 16

Discovered by - Sir Humphrey Davy.

Also known as laughing gas

Question 17

Who used Ether and what were the side effects like?

Answer 17

J.R Liston used it during a leg amputation

• The side effects - very unpleasant

Question 18

Who used Chloroform in the 1800s?

Answer 18

James Simpson and some friends

Question 19

A why did Chloroform lead to unexplained deaths?

Answer 19

The amount given to patients could not be measured or controlled.

Question 20

Name three reasons for OPPOSITION to anaesthetics

Answer 20

• People didn’t understand how they worked
• They were uncomfortable for patients
• People didn’t understand the side effects

Question 21

When was the final breakthrough if anaesthetics ?

Answer 21

When Queen Victoria accepted the use of Chloroform during the delivery of her 8th child

Question 22

How was the problem of infection overcome?

Answer 22

Joseph Lister discovering antiseptics

Question 23

Why did people OPPOSE LISTER / go against him?

Answer 23

• his methods slowed down surgery
• Carbolic acid was irritating to the skin / to inhale
• Surgeons didn’t copy his methods correctly

Question 24

Describe the work of Lister

Answer 24

• He used carbolic spray to kill bacteria
• Carbolic spray meant…
  less deaths
  led to aseptic surgery
  many didn’t accept his ideas

Question 25

Definite ‘Aseptic surgery’

Answer 25

The removal of all germs from theatres to ensure cleanliness

Question 26

What Aseptic methods were introduced because of Lister’s ideas?

Answer 26

• Clean operating theatres
• Sterilised rubber gloves used
• All surgical instruments were sterilised

Question 27

What was attempted after Harvey’s discovery of the circulation of blood?

Answer 27

Blood transfusions

Question 28

Why did blood transfusions end badly?

Answer 28

• Blood groups hadn’t been discovered

- Infection could be passed on

Question 29

Why had people stopped reading Galen’s work in the 19th Century?

Answer 29

Because his work was often incorrect and there were new understandings of the human body

Question 30

Name three Public Health problems in the late 1700s/early 1800s

Answer 30

• Cramped living conditions

…meant diseases spread rapidly

• Water and Seaver disposal facilities COULDNT be provided

Question 31

What did ‘Laissez-faire’ mean?

Answer 31

the government shouldn’t interfere

Question 32

Describe the work of Chadwick

Answer 32

• He recommended Public Health improvements
• He published a Public Health report in 1842 (outlining links between dirt + disease)
• The government didn’t take him seriously

Question 33

Describe the work of John Snow

Answer 33

• He studied Cholera outbreaks in Broadstreet,Ldn
• He discovered that Cholera came from dirty water
• Removed water pump > No more Cholera
• Unlike Chadwick, the government took him seriously
• His work led to the 1875 Public Health Act

Question 34

What did the 1875 Public Health act include?

Answer 34

• Provision of clean water
• Proper drainage and sewage
• Appointed a Medical Officer of Health

Question 35

What caused the ‘Great Stink’ of 1858?

Answer 35

Hot weather and human waste

Question 36

What was the result of the Public Health Act of 1875?

Answer 36

• Improved standards of housing
• Shortened working hours for women and children
• Made education compulsory