17.3 and 17.4 Test Flashcards
By the tenth century, the Catholic church dominated religious life in:
Northern and Western Europe
People questioned the church’s methods because:
They felt that the Church leaders were too interested in secular pursuits, such as gaining money and political power.
What was the social cause of the religious reformation:
Renaissance values led people to criticize the Church. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the church.
What was the political cause of the Religious Reformation:
Kings challenged the Church as the political/supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign leader and challenged his authority.
What was the economic cause of the Religious Reformation?
European princes and kings were jealous of the Church’s wealth. Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church.
What was the religious cause for the Religious Reformation:
Some Church leaders had become secular and corrupt. Many people found Church practices such as indulgences as unacceptable.
Other problems w/ the church
Pope Alexander VI admitted to fathering children. Many priests and monks were poorly educated and couldn’t control people. Other clergy married, drank, or gambled. Simony, Lay Investiture, and the age old division of Church vs. State
Who (before Martin Luther) advocated for Church reform?
In the late 1300’s and early 1400’s, John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of Bohemia. In the 1500’s, Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More.
Martin Luther:
His parents wanted him to be a lawyer, but instead he became a monk and a teacher. He taught scriptures at the University of Wittenberg in Saxony. His 95 theses began the reformation. Martin Luther personally believed it was ok for clergy to marry.
Johann Tetzel
Johann Tetzel was a friar who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome, by selling indulgences. Luther took a public stand against him.
95 Theses
Luther wrote this formal statements about Johann Tetzel selling indulgences. He wrote about these statements, saying that indulgences were not supposed to affect God’s judgement. He put these 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg.
Luther’s Teachings
Luther went beyond criticizing indulgences. He wanted full reform of the church. These were his 3 main teachings:
- People would be forgived by God through faith, not good works.
- Church teachings should be based on the Bible, not the Pope or Church traditions bc they could be corrupt or false.
- Priests were not needed to interpret the Bible because all people with faith were equal.
The response to Luther:
Luther’s ideas rapidly spread.
- Pope Leo X saw him as a threat and threatened to excommunicate him.
- Luther was rebellious so Pope Leo X excommunicated him.
- Charles V summoned Luther to recant his statements. When Luther didn’t, Charles released the Edict of Worms, which declared Luther an outlaw.
Who sheltered Luther, and what did Luther do there?
Frederick the Wise of Saxony sheltered Luther and Luther there translated the New Testament into German.
What were Luther’s followers known as?
Lutherans.
How did the name Protestants arise?
The princes in Germany that supported Luther protested against those who didn’t, and became known as Protestants.
What was the Peasant’s Revolt?
German peasants (inspired by Luther’s teachings) demanded an end to serfdom, and protested by raiding and burning monasteries. Luther wrote to German peasants, telling them to kill 100,000 people. Because of this, the peasants now resent Luther.
Peace of Augsburg
Charles V fought Protestant Christians, and defeated them, but couldn’t force them to convert back to Catholicism. He had all the German princes assemble in Augsburg and stated that the ruler of each state would decide the religious.
What did Henry VIII think of Luther’s ideas?
Henry wrote an attack on Luther’s ideas and was given the title “Defender of the Faith” by the Pope.
Catherine of Aragon
Catherine of Aragon was Henry’s wife. She had one daughter with him, but he wanted a son. He divorced her.
Reformation Parliament
Because the pope wouldn’t let Henry annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon, Henry called Parliament into session and had a set of laws passed that ended the pope’s power in England.
Anne Boleyn
Henry secretly married her. Later Henry divorced Catherine.
Act of Supremacy
This was the act that Henry got passed by Parliament that allowed him to take power away from the pope and give it to the king.
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth was Henrys daughter who took over when Edward resigned.
She was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism.
She set up the Anglican Church.
This church pleased both Catholics and Protestants.
How did the Anglican Church please both Catholics and Protestants?
To please protestants: Priests were allowed to marry. They could deliver sermons in English.
To please catholics: Kept stuff like rich robes and church services were revised to be somewhat more acceptable to catholics.
Huldrych Zwingli
He was a Catholic priest in Zurich. He was influenced by Christian humanism and Luther. He attacked abuses in the Catholic Church. He died in a war between Swiss Protestants and Catholics.
John Calvin
He published Institutes of the Christian Religion. He wrote that
-men and women are sinful by nature.
-God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved
A religion was based on his teachings (Calvanism)
Predestination
The belief that God chooses a few people to save since the beginning of the time. This doctrine is part of Calvanism.
Theocracy
A government controlled by religious leaders.
Geneva
Calvin ran Geneva with strict rules:
- Everyone attended religion class
- No one wore bright clothing or played card games
- Authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish anyone who broke those rules.
John Knox
John Knox was a Scottish preacher who visited Geneva. He put Calvin’s ideas to work (w each community church governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters) His followers were called Presbyterians.
Anabaptists
They believed:
- People should only be baptized when they were old enough to make the choice to become Christian.
- Believed Church and State should be separate, and refused to fight in wars.
- They shared possessions.
- They were persecuted by Catholics and Protestants, and the survivors became the Mennonnites and the Amish.
Ignatius of Loyola
Ignatius grew up in his father’s castle in Loyola Spain. He was injured in a war, and while recovering he thought about his sins and the life of Jesus.
He wrote a book called SPiritual Exercises about meditation, prayer, and study,
Jesuits
Jesuits were followers of Christ who were followers of Ignatius as well. Their three activities were:
- They founded schools throughout Europe.
- Convert non-Christians to Catholicism.
- Stop the spread of Protestantism.
Paul III
Paul III was a pope from 1534-1539. He directed a council of cardinals to investigate indulgence selling and other Church abuses. He approved the Jesuit order. He used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory. He called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent.
The Council of Trent
Catholic bishops and cardinals who agreed on:
- The church’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his own interpretation was a heretic.
- Christians needed faith and good works for salvation.
- The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful for guiding Christian life.
- Indulgences were valid expressions of faith, but not when sold.
Paul IV
He was the pope after Paul III. He had officials draw up a list of dangerous books to Catholicism, and had the list known as the Index of Forbidden Books. Then they were burned.
Francis Xavier and Matteo Ricci
They were Jesuit missionaries in the 1500’s. Xavier worked in India and Japan, and Ricci worked in China.
