17. victories in the courts

Question 1

latter part of period saw

Answer 1

a change in attitude of both federal and state supreme courts that reflected gradual change in attitude taking place in US society

Question 2

progress continued to be

Answer 2

slow

Question 3

First major victory at state level

when

Answer 3

1848

Question 4

First major victory at state level

what

Answer 4

2 NA brought case concerning voting rights before Arizona Supreme Court
Frank Harrison and Harry Austin belonged to Mohawk-Apache tribe and lived on reservation in Arizona
county recorder Laveen refused to allow them to vote
decision successfully challenged as a result of National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) and the American Civil Liberties Union.
despite this, other state in West continued to restrict voting rights of NA

Question 5

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

formed when and by who

Answer 5

Formed 1944 by a group of educated NA

Question 6

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

important role in

Answer 6

important role in extending right of NA
first task to involve ordinary NA in struggle to stop end of reservations and integrate NA into ordinary society so they were no longer funded by taxpayer

Question 7

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

largely involved in

Answer 7

legal battles over discrimination

Question 8

National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)

first sign of

Answer 8

NA joining together and organising protest movement

Question 9

Period from 1960s =

Answer 9

greatest change in attitude of Supreme Court

Question 10

Period from 1960s greatest change in attitude of Supreme Court
why?

Answer 10

faced with lots of challenges from NA activists through ‘Red Power’ movement as they sought to restore ‘native sovereignty’
(power tribes had to live on their lands according to their laws religion and customs. rights that existed until settlers arrived and removed them)

Question 11

1960s what did cases usually claim for

Answer 11

restoration of lands or fishing rights which had been taken away when dams were built or hydroelectric power plants had been constructed.

Question 12

Progress and decisions made by Nixon upheld by

Answer 12

Supreme Court in 1974

Question 13

Native American Rights Fund (NARF)

when established?

Answer 13

established in 1970

Question 14

Native American Rights Fund (NARF)

aim?

Answer 14

aimed to defend rights of NA

Question 15

Native American Rights Fund (NARF)

what did it do

Answer 15

trained legal specialists with an interest in NA issues.

Question 16

Native American Rights Fund (NARF)

what was it responsible for

Answer 16

responsible for most cases that went in front of Supreme Court
put pressure on Supreme Court to protect NA culture and way of life

Question 17

Native American Rights Fund (NARF)

what issues were raised

Answer 17

reinstating tribes that had been terminated
restoring tribal sovereignty
restoring lost tribal land
restoring hunting and fishing rights
having the right to vote
having the right to worship freely
performing proper burial of ancestral remains

Question 18

what allowed for considerable progress of NA

Answer 18

combination of pressure from NARF and willingness of Supreme Court to uphold these rights