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A & P 2 > 17 Endocrine System > Flashcards

17 Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the similarities between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A

Both are control systems that, in response to stimuli, release ligands (hormones or neurotransmitters) that communicate with target cells/bind to receptors to initiate a response

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2
Q

What are the differences between the nervous and endocrine systems?

A
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3
Q

What are the four broad functions of the endocrine system?

A

Regulating development, growth and metabolism
Maintaining homeostasis of blood composition and volume.
Controlling digestive processes.
Controlling reporductive activities.

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4
Q

Name the endocrine glands that are entirely endocrine/organs.

A

pituitary gland
pineal gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands

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5
Q

Name the endocrine glands that are part of other organs and describe how they are housed

A

Endocrine glands are house in small clusters within organs or tissues that have some other primary function.
hypothalamus
skin
thymus
heart
liver
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
adipose CT
kidneys
gonads

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6
Q

What are the ways that endocrine reflexes are initiated?

A

Hormonal stimulation- the binding of another hormone
Humoral stimulation-response to changing levels of nutrients (glucose) or ions in the blood
Nervous system stimulation-direct stimulation by the nervouse system (adrenal medulla by SNS)

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7
Q

What are the 3 categories of circulating hormones?

A

Steroids - lipid soluble molecules synthesized from cholesterol: estrogen, progesterone, testosterone and corticosteroids & mineralcorticoids (of adrenal cortex)
Biogenic amines - aka monoamines - water soluble, modified amino acids: catecholamines (adrenal medulla,) thyroid hormone, melatonin
Proteins - water soluble, composed of small chains of amino acids: insulin, glucagon, ADH, growth hormone, EPO

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8
Q

What are the stimulation methods for local hormones?

A

Local hormones = large group of signaling molecules
Autocrine stimulation - signaling molecule or ligand binds to the same cell that produced it
Paracrine stimulation - signaling molecule or ligand binds to a neighboring cell

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9
Q

What is the primary type of local or signaling hormone?

A

Eicosanoids - formed from a 20 carbon fatty acid (arachidonic acid) cleaved from a phospholipid in the cell’s membrane
-includes prostaglandins (most diverse,) thromboxanes and leukotrienes
-

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10
Q

What are the functions and benefits of carrier proteins?

A

-carry lipid soluble hormones in the blood (can be selective {thryoxine binding globulin} or nonselective {albumin})
-prolongs the life of hormones, including a few water soluble hormones (IGF)
-prevent excretion in urine of small hormones

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11
Q

Describe how lipid soluble hormones reach their target cell receptors and the type of cellular change they initiate.

A

1) unbound hormones diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds with an intracellular receptor to form a hormone-receptor complex
2) HRC binds with a specfic DNA sequence called a hormone-response element (HRE)
3) mRNA is synthesized
4) mRNA exits the nucleus and is translated by a ribosome in the cytosol and a new protein is synthesized…. results in alteration in cell structure or a shift in the target cells” metabolic activities if the synthesized protein is an enzyme

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12
Q

Describe how water soluble hormones induce cellular change in their target cells.

A

1) hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor and induces shape change to activate the receptor
2) G protein binds to the activated receptor
3) GDP is bumped off of the G protein and GTP binds to the G protein activating it
4) activated G protein either binds adenylate cyclase or phosphlipase C
–causes activation of plasma membrane enzyme adenylate cyclase > adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP > cAMP serves as the second messenger, activating protein kinase A, a phsophorylating enzyme
–causes activation of the plasma membrane enzyme phospholipase C > phospholipase C splits PIP2 into two second messengers: DAG and IP3 > DAG activates protein kinase C (a phosphorilating enzyme) or IP3 increases Ca2+ in cytosol by stimulating Ca2+ release from the ER > Ca2+ acts as a third messenger to activate protein kinase enzymes and also alters activity of ion channels in the membrane p663

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13
Q

What is the ultimate action of water soluble hormones?

A

-activation or inhibition of enzymatic pathways
-stimulations of growth through cellular division
-release of cellular secretions
-changes in membrane ion permeability
-muscle contraction or relaxation

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of hormone interactions?

A

Synergistic - one hormone reinforces the activity of another (estrogen and progesterone)
Permissive - the activity of one hormone requires a second hormone (oxytocin and prolactin)
Antagonistic - one hormone opposes the other (insulin and glucagon)

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15
Q

What’s important about the posterior pituitary?

A

-it is the neural part of the pituitary
-connected to the hypothalamus by neurons called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
-stores and releases Oxytocin and ADH from the hypothalamus

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16
Q

Hypothalamic hormones

A

Anterior pituitary regulating hormones, releasing (5) or inhibiting (2):
-TRH (thyrotropin releasing)
-PRH (prolactin releasing)
-GnRH (gonadotropin releasing)
-CRH (corticotropin releasing)
-GRH (growth hormone releasing)
-PIH (prolactin inhibiting)
-GIH (growth hormone inhibiting)

For storage in posterior pituitary:
-Oxytocin
-ADH

17
Q

How is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus?

A

-endocrine portion of the pituitary gland
-connected via direct blood pathway called the hypophyseal portal system
–primary capillary plexus associated with hypothalamus
–secondary capillary plexus associated with the AP
–connected by hypophyseal portal veins

18
Q

What are tropic hormones?

A

hormones that target another endocrine gland to secrete its hormones

19
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

TSH, released from AP, stimulates growth of the thyroid gland and the release of thyroid hormone (AKA thyrotropin)

20
Q

Prolactin

A

PRL, released from AP, regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk productions in females, produced by lactotropes which increase in size during pregnancy

21
Q

Gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone)

A

released from AP acts on the gonads,
FSH: controls development of oocytes & ovarian follicle, sperm in men
LH: induces ovulation of secondary oocyte from follicle, controls testosterone synthesis

22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

A

ACTH, released from AP, stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids

23
Q

Growth hormone

A

AKA somatotropin, released from the AP,
-stimulates release of insulin like growth factors (IGFs) from liver and increased gluconeogenesis/ glycogenolysis
-GH (water soluble, 6-20 min 1/2 life) and IGFs (require carrier protein, 20 hr 1/2 life) function synergistically to induce growth (especially within skeletal and muscular systems) and increase lipolysis/ decrease lipogenesis in adipose CT
–in response to high levels of GH and IGF the hypothalamus decreases it’s release of GHRH and increases GHIH, all cells of the body have receptors for GH and IGF

24
Q

Thyroid hormone

A

-biogenic amine, water soluble but transported by carrier proteins
produced by follicular cells, simple cuboidal epithelium comprising the walls of the thyroid follicles
-thyroglobulin (TGB) is secreted into the colloid, combines with iodine and is taken up again by the follicular cells when stimulated to secrete thyroid hormone
-90% T4 produced, cells convert to T3
(parafollicular cells secrete cacitonin)

25
Q

Calcitonin

A

water soluble protein hormone
secreted by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland
decreases blood calcium levels by:
-decreased activity of osteoclasts
-increased loss of Ca2+ in urine

26
Q

Mineralcorticoids

A

-synthesized in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex
-primary: aldosterone (steroid) - regulates the Na/K ratio in blood (increased blood K+ &raquo_space; decreases Na+ and water excreted in urine and increases K+ excretion)

27
Q

Glucocorticoids

A
  • synthesized in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex
    -primarily cortisol and coticosterone (steroid hormones)
    -hypothalamus > CRH &raquo_space; AP > ACTH &raquo_space; A. cortex
    -decrease triglyceride storage/increased lipolysis in adipose CT
    -all cells except liver> increased catablolism
    -liver: increased gluconeogenesis/glycogenolysis >increased blood glucose
    -anti-inflammatory effect on immune system/supresson
28
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

-steroid hormones, lipid soluble
-synthesized in the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex
-primarily secretes a small amount of androgens and is the primary site for androgen production in females
-includes: dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate and androstenedione

29
Q

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

-released from the adrenal medula via sympathetic stimulation
-80% epinephrine / 20% norepinephrine
-increased effects of sympathetic nervous systmem > prolonged fight or flight

30
Q

The Pancreas

A
31
Q

Glucagon

A

-protein hormone, water soluble
-secreted by the pacreatic alpha cells
in response to low blood glucose levels
-stimulates the liver to decrease glycogen storage, increased glycogenolysis (glycogen digested to glucose), increased gluconeogenesis, increase blood glucose
-adipose CT-decreased triglyceride storage/increased lipolysis
-skeletal muscle>decreased glycogen storage (glycogen>glucose>ATP)

32
Q

Insulin

A

-protein hormone, water soluble
-secreted by pancreatic beta cells
in response to increased blood glucose levels
-stimulates liver to increase glycogen storage via increased glycogenesis (glycogen synthesized from glucose in the blood)
-Adipose CT > increased triglyceride storage
-skeletal muscle > increased glycogen storage via increased glycogenesis
-all target cells>increased protein synthesis resulting from increased uptake of AAs from the blood, increased glucose uptake

33
Q

Melatonin

A

-secreted from the pineal gland (posterior region of the epithalamus)
-regulates circaidan rhythm

34
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

-secreted from the parathyroid glands on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland
-2-6, usually 4
-chief cells secrete PTH
-PTH increases blood calcium levels by
>bone >increased osteoclast activity
>kidney> decreased loss of Ca2+ in urine
>increasing the number of enzymes that converts calcidiol (inactive hormone formed from vitamin d) to cacitriol (functions synergistically with PTH to increase absorption of Ca in SI)

A & P 2 (5 decks)

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