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168 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. High quality energy
A

Organized and concentrated, can perform useful work (ex: fossil fuel and nuclear)

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2
Q
  1. Low quality energy
A

Disorganized, dispersed (hear in ocean or air wind, solar)

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3
Q
  1. First law of thermodynamics
A

Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another p

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4
Q
  1. Second law of thermodynamics
A

When energy is changed from one for to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)

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5
Q
  1. Natural radioactive decay
A

Unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha and beta particles

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6
Q
  1. Half life
A

The time it takes 1/2 the mass of a radioisotope to decay

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7
Q
  1. Lonizing radiation
A

Enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (ex: gamma X-rays UV)

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8
Q
  1. Nuclear Fission
A

Nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons

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9
Q
  1. Nuclear Fusion
A

2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temps. till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet

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10
Q
  1. Ore
A

A rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine

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11
Q
  1. Mineral Reserve
A

Identified deposited currently profitable to extract

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12
Q
  1. Best solution to Energy shortage:
A

conservation and increased efficiently

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13
Q
  1. Surface mining
A

Cheaper and can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers

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14
Q
  1. Humus
A

Organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms o

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15
Q
  1. Leaching
A

Removal of dissolved material from soil by water moving downwards

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16
Q
  1. Illuvaition
A

Deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)

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17
Q
  1. Loam
A

Perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, and clay

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18
Q
  1. Solutions to soil problems
A

Conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizer

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19
Q
  1. Parts of the hydrologic cycle
A

Evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration

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20
Q
  1. Aquifer
A

Any water bearing layer in the ground

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21
Q
  1. Cone of depression
A

Lowering of the water table around a pumping well

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22
Q
  1. Salt water intrusion
A

Near the coast, over pumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the aquifer

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23
Q
  1. ENSO
A

El Niño Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific

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24
Q
  1. During the El Niño year
A

Trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in During a Non El Niño year; Easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America

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25
Q
  1. Effects of El Niño
A

Upwelling decreased disrupting food chains, N US has mild winters, SW US had increased rainfall, less Atlantic Hurricanes

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26
Q
  1. Nitrogen Fixing
A

Because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants in must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria

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27
Q
  1. Ammonification
A

Decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia

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28
Q
  1. Assimilation
A

Inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/ amino acids and proteins

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29
Q
  1. Nitrification
A

Ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3)

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30
Q
  1. Denitrification
A

Bacteria convert ammonia back into N

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31
Q
  1. Phosphorous does not circulate as easily as N because
A

: it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate rocks

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32
Q
  1. bc soils contain very little phosphorus
A

It is a major limiting factoring for plant growth

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33
Q
  1. Excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by:
A

Runoff of animal waste, fertilizer discharge of sewage

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34
Q
  1. Photosynthesis
A

Plants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H1206)

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35
Q
  1. Aerobic respiration
A

Oxygen consuming producers, consumers and Decomposers break down complex organic compounds and convert C back into CO2

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36
Q
  1. Largest reservoirs of C
A

Carbonate rocks first, oceans second

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37
Q
  1. Biotic/abiotic
A

Living and no living components of an ecosystem

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38
Q
  1. Producer/ Autotroph
A

Photosynthesis life

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39
Q
  1. Major trophic levels
A

Producer-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer

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40
Q
  1. Energy flows in food webs
A

Only 10% of the useable energy is transferred

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41
Q
  1. Why is only 10% transferred
A

Useable energy lost as heat (2nd

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42
Q
  1. Primary succession
A

Development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life

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43
Q
  1. Secondary succession
A

Life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest)

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44
Q
  1. Mutualism
A

Symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit

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45
Q
  1. Commensalism
A

Symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits and the other is unaffected

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46
Q
  1. Parasitism
A

Relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the ex spence of the host

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47
Q
  1. Biome
A

Large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants and animals

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48
Q
  1. Carrying capacity
A

The number of individuals that can be sustained in an area

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49
Q
  1. R strategist
A

Reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring

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50
Q
  1. K strategist
A

Reproduce late, few, cared for offspring

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51
Q
  1. Natural selection
A

Organisms that possess favorable adaptions pass them onto the next generation

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52
Q
  1. Malthus
A

Said human population cannot continue to increase.. Consequences will be war, famine and disease

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53
Q
  1. Doubling time
A

Rule of 70-70 divided by the prevent growth rate

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54
Q
  1. Replacement level fertility
A

The number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)

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55
Q
  1. World Population is:
A

Over 6 billion

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56
Q
  1. Preindustrial stage
A

Birth and death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high

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57
Q
  1. Transitional stage
A

Death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast

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58
Q
  1. Industrial stage
A

Declines in birth rate, population growth slow

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59
Q
  1. Postindustrial stage
A

Low birth and death rates

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60
Q
  1. Age structure diagrams
A

(Broad base, rapid growth) (narrow base, negative growth) (uniform shape, zero growth)

61
Q
  1. 1st and 2nd most populated countries
A

China and india

62
Q
  1. Most important thing affecting population growth
A

Low status of women

63
Q
  1. Ways to decrease birth rate
A

Family planning, contraception, economic rewards and penalties

64
Q
  1. Percent water on earth by type
A

Seawater- 97.5%

Freshwater- 2.5%

65
Q
  1. Salinazation of soil
A

In arid regions, water evaporated leaving salts behind

66
Q
  1. Ways to conserve water
A

Agriculture, drip/trickle irrigation, industry, recycling, home, use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures

67
Q
  1. Point vs nonpoint source
A

Point- from specific location such as pipes

Nonpoint- from over an area such as runoff

68
Q
  1. BOD
A

Biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic Decomposers to break down materials

69
Q
  1. Eutrophication
A

Rapid algal growth caused by an excess of N and P

70
Q

8.

A

Estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level: approximately 10 half-lives

71
Q
  1. Hypoxia
A

When aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops and the water cannot support life

72
Q
  1. Minamata Disease
A

Mental impairments caused by mercury

73
Q
  1. Primary air pollutants
A

Produced by humans and nature

74
Q
  1. Secondary pollutants
A

Formed by reaction of primary pollutants

75
Q
  1. Particulate matter (source, effect, reduction)
A

Benning fossil fuels and car exhaust, reduces visibility and respiratory irritation, filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)

76
Q
  1. Nitrogen oxides
A

Source: auto exhaust; effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and ozone; equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3; reduction: catalytic converter

77
Q
  1. Sulfur oxides
A

(source : coal burning) (effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (equation for acid formation : SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4)

78
Q

carbon oxides

A

source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion ; effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O, CO2 contributes to global warming

79
Q
  1. Ozone
A

Formation : secondary pollutants, NO2+UV=NO+O O+O2=O3 with VOC’s; effects : respiratory irritants, plant damage ; reduction : reduce NO emissions and VOC’s;

80
Q
  1. Industrial smog
A

Found in cities that burn large amounts of coal

81
Q
  1. Photochemical smog
A

Formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC’S, O)

82
Q
  1. Acid deposition
A

Caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters

83
Q
  1. Greenhouse gases
A

(examples: methane) (Effect they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm

84
Q
  1. Effects of global warming
A

Rising sea-level (thermal expansion), extreme weather, drought (famine), extinctions

85
Q
  1. Ozone depletion caused by :
A

CFC’s methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone

86
Q
  1. Effects of ozone depletion
A

Increased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth

87
Q
  1. Love Canal, NY
A

Chemicals buried in old canal and school and homes built over it causing birth defects and cancer

88
Q
  1. Municipal solid waste is mostly :
A

Paper

89
Q
  1. Most municipal waste is :
A

Landfill

90
Q
  1. Sanitary landfill problems and solutions
A

( leachate, liner with collection system) (methane has, collect has and burn) (volume of garbage, compact and reduce)

91
Q
  1. Incineration advantages
A

Volume of waste reduced by 90% and waste heat can be used

92
Q
  1. Incineration disadvantages
A

Toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride - dioxin), scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ah disposal

93
Q
  1. Best way to solve waste problem
A

Reduce the amounts of waste at the source

94
Q
  1. Keystone species
A

species whose role in an ecosystem are most important than others

95
Q
  1. Indicator species
A

Species that serve early warning that an ecosystem is being damaged

96
Q
  1. Most endangered species
A

Have a small range, require large territory or live on an island

97
Q
  1. In natural ecosystems, 50-90% of past species are kept under control by :
A

Predators, diseases, parasites

98
Q
  1. Major insecticide groups and examples
A

(chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT) (Organophosphates, malathion) (caebamates, aldicarb)

99
Q
  1. Pesticide pros
A

saves lives from insect transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers

100
Q
  1. Pesticide cons
A

Genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification

101
Q
  1. Natural post control
A

Better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants

102
Q
  1. Electricity is generated by
A

Using stream (from water boiled by fossil fuels or nuclear) or falling water to turn a generator

103
Q
  1. Petroleum forms from
A

Microscopic aquatic organisms is sediments converted by great and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons

104
Q
  1. Periods of Petroleum
A

Cheap, easily transported, high quality energy

105
Q
  1. Cons of petroleum
A

Reserved depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning makes CO2

106
Q
  1. Steps in coal formation
A

Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

107
Q
  1. Major parts of nuclear reactor
A

Core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building

108
Q
  1. Two most serious nuclear accidents
A

(Chernobyl, Ukraine) (Three Mile Island, PA)

109
Q
  1. Alternate energy sources
A

Wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells

110
Q
  1. LD50
A

The amount of chemical that kills 50%of the animals in a test population

111
Q
  1. Mutagen, teratogen, carcinogen
A

Causes hereditary changes, fetus deformities, cancer

112
Q
  1. Multiple use US public land
A

National forget and national resource land

113
Q
  1. Moderately restricted used land
A

National wildlife refuges

114
Q
  1. Restricted use lands
A

National Park, national wildlife preservation system

115
Q
  1. Volcano and earth quakes occur at:
A

at plate boundaries (divergent, ocean rigdes) (convergent, trenches) (transform/sliding, San andreas)

116
Q

116.

A

Survivorship curves

117
Q
  1. Type I
A

Low mortality at birth, survive to old age, and then die (humans, annual plants)

118
Q
  1. Type II
A

Uniform death rates, subject to prediction (insects, birds)

119
Q
  1. Type III
A

High mortality at birth but long lifespan otherwise (turtles, trees)

120
Q
  1. Density depends on factor
A

Competition, parasitism, predation

121
Q
  1. Density independent factors
A

Fire, floods, extreme cold

122
Q
  1. Bionic potential
A

Maximum amount of offspring a species can have

123
Q
  1. Effects on global warming
A

Bleaching of coral reefs, animals and plants forced out of their current range, melting glaciers, rising sea level, Droughts, spread of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions

124
Q

121.

A

Exotic species are known as invasive species because they often can grow at an uncontrolled rate because they have no natural predators, disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and have no competition because they kill off many natural

125
Q

122.

A

Forests regulate climate, control water runoff, produce oxygen and provide food and shelter for many creatures

126
Q

123.

A

Clear cutting is bad because it increases soil erosion dramatically, increased nitrate runoff into water bodies, makes it hard for an area to recover, leaves animals no place to live and can lead to extinctions

127
Q
  1. Selective cutting
A

Harvesting only mature trees of certain species and size. More expensive but less disruptive to wildlife than clear cutting

128
Q

125.

A

Utilitarianism is the belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time

129
Q

126.

A

Conservation is the management of a resource to make certain to produce the greatest benefit to humans in the future

130
Q

127.

A

Preservation is the concept that the land should be kept in its natural state-of-the-art never touched or developed

131
Q
  1. NIMBY
A

Public protest cause waste and other pollutants to be dumped in someone else’s backyard. Mostly hurts the poor who cannot pay for representation to fight sharks potential pollution

132
Q
  1. Range from f tolerance
A

Minimum and max levels of conditions in which organisms can survive

133
Q

130.

A

1.5 violin people lack access to clean drinking water and 3 billion people lack good sanitation need to prevent communicable diseases from spreading

134
Q

131.

A

75% of water pollution in the US come from soul erosion, atmospheric deposition and surface runoff

135
Q

132.

A

95% of water pollution in the developing countries come from raw sewage

136
Q

133.

A

The US users 77% of all parties used in the world

137
Q

134.

A

The troposphere contains weather and stratosphere contains the ozone

138
Q

135.

A

The atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and a small amount of argon, carbon dioxide, water, salt, and dust

139
Q

136.

A

Weather moves from West to rates across America and winds are named for the direction they come from

140
Q

137.

A

Bioaccumulation is the selective absorbtion and storage of a great variety of molecules

141
Q

138.

A

Biomagnification is a continued increase in the concentration of plants in higher levels of a food chain

142
Q

139.

A

Acute effects are long lasting caused by a single exposure to s toxin and result in a single immediate health crisis of some sort

143
Q

140.

A

Chronic effects are long lasting and can result from a single exposure of a very toxic substance or a continuous exposure to the toxin

144
Q

142.

A

Salt water intrusion is the movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas where groundwater is withdrawn faster than its replenished

145
Q
  1. Watershed
A

Land surface and groundwater aquifers drained by a particular river system

146
Q

143.

A

Forest cover 32% of the land surface , 11% is used for crops and 26% is range and pasture

147
Q

144.

A

99% of all the species that ever existed are now extinct but the average rate of extinction was one species per decade

148
Q

145.

A

Humans have caused extinction rates of hundreds to thousands of species per YEAR. If the trends continue, 1/3 to 2/3 of all current species will be lost by the year 2050

168 APES (1 decks)

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