16.5

Question 1

the processing of sensory information by analyzing and storing it and making decisions for various responses

Answer 1

integration

Question 2

The integrative functions include cerebral activities such as?

Answer 2

Sleep & wakefulness
Learning & memory
Language

Question 3

Humans sleep and awaken in a 24-hr cycle called a

Answer 3

Circadian rhythm

Question 4

The circadian rhythm is established by the?

Answer 4

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 5

the reticular activating system

Answer 5

a portion of the reticular formation. how your nervous system transitions between wake and sleep

Question 6

awakening of sleep is called what? is the RAS stimulated or inactive

Answer 6

Arousal, RAS is stimulated (by many different sensory stimuli)

Question 7

RAS receives input from somatic sensory receptors, eyes ears but there is no input from what?

Answer 7

olfactory receptors

Question 8

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 1

Answer 8

transition stage between wakefulness & sleep that normally lasts 1-7 min. Person relaxed with eyes closed and has fleeting thoughts. People awakened during this stage often say they have not been sleeping

Question 9

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 2

Answer 9

first stage of true sleep
person is easy to waken
fragments of dreams may be experienced
eyes may slowly roll from side to side

Question 10

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 3

Answer 10

prior of moderately deep sleep
body temp and bp decrease
more difficult to awaken the person
occurs about 20 min after falling asleep

Question 11

NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 4

Answer 11

deepest level of sleep
brain metabolism decreases significantly
Body temp drops slightly at this time, most reflexes are intact, muscle tone decreased slightly
difficult to awaken

Question 12

REM sleep (rapid eye movements) is also known as what?

Answer 12

paradoxical sleep (because EEG reading show high frequency, small amplitude waves, similar to those of a person who is awake)

Question 13

Is neuronal activity high or low during REM sleep

Answer 13

high, brain blood flow & oxygen use higher during REM sleep than during intense mental or physical activity when awake

Question 14

Does HR, BP, RR increase or decrease in REM sleep

Answer 14

increase

Question 15

Most dreaming occurs during REM or NREM sleep

Answer 15

REM

Question 16

which areas of the brain have increased activity and decreased activity during REM sleep

Answer 16

increased- visual association area & limbic system (emotions)
decreased - prefrontal cortex (which is concerned with reasoning)

Question 17

How much REM sleep do adults vs infants get?

Answer 17

in a typical 8 hr sleep period adults totals 90-120 (25%) min and decreases with age. infants 50% of sleep is REM

Question 18

NREM sleep is induced by NREM sleep centres in what parts of the brain?

Answer 18

hypothalamus and basal forebrain

Question 19

REM sleep is promoted by a REM sleep centre in what parts of the brain

Answer 19

pons & midbrain

Question 20

What is one apparent sleep-inducer which accumulates during periods of high usage of ATP by the nervous system

Answer 20

adenosine

Question 21

adenosine inhibits neurons of the RAS that participate in arousal. Adenosine binds to specific receptors called?

Answer 21

A1 receptors

Question 22

activity in the RAS during sleep is low due to the inhibitory effect of adenosine. Which substances can bind and block A1 receptors which prevent adenosine from binding and inducing sleep

Answer 22

caffeine or tea

Question 23

One of the criteria used to confirm brain death has occurred is

Answer 23

absence of brain waves (flat EEG)

Question 24

after a few weeks of being in a coma, some patients enter into this state in which normal sleep-wake cycles occur still but they do not have awareness of surroundings. they are unable to speak or respond to commands, and may smile, laugh or cry but do not understand the meaning of these actions

Answer 24

persistent vegetative state

Question 25

2 main categories of learning (associative and nonassociative) when does associative learning occur

Answer 25

when a connection is made between 2 stimuli (such as dogs learning to eat when bell rings)

Question 26

when does non associative learning occur

Answer 26

when repeated exposure to a stimulus causes a change in behaviour

Question 27

2 types of non associative learning (habituation & sensitization) what is havituation

Answer 27

repeated exposure to an irrelevant stimulus causes a DECREASED behavioural response (ex. when u hear a loud sound u may jump, but if it keeps occurring u may stop paying attention)

Question 28

what is sensitization

Answer 28

repeated exposure to a noxious stimulus causes an INCREASED behavioural response

Question 29

Process by which info acquired through learning is stored & retreived

Answer 29

memory

Question 30

2 types of memory - declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memory. What is declarative (explicit) memory?

Answer 30

the memory of experiences that can be verbalized (declared) such as facts, events, objects, names & places.
Requires conscious recall and is stored in the association areas of the cerebral cortex

Question 31

What is procedural (implicit) memory?

Answer 31

memory of motor skills, procedures and rules
Does not require conscious recall
Stored in the basal nuclei, cerebellum, premotor area

Question 32

What is the process which a short term memory is transformed into a long term memroy

Answer 32

memory consolidation

Question 33

What plays an important role in the consolidation of declarative memories

Answer 33

hippocampus

Question 34

the capability for change associated with learning

Answer 34

plasticity

Question 35

What are the 2 language areas in the cerebral cortex

Answer 35

1. Wernickes area
2. brocas area

Question 36

Wernickes area - location and function

Answer 36

location- association area found in the temporal lobe
function-interprets the meaning of written or spoken words (translates words into thoughts

Question 37

brocas area location and function

Answer 37

Location- a motor area in the frontal lobe
function- thoughts into speech
Receives input from wernickes area then generates a motor pattern for activation of muscles needed for the words you want to say