16.5 Flashcards
the processing of sensory information by analyzing and storing it and making decisions for various responses
integration
The integrative functions include cerebral activities such as?
Sleep & wakefulness
Learning & memory
Language
Humans sleep and awaken in a 24-hr cycle called a
Circadian rhythm
The circadian rhythm is established by the?
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
the reticular activating system
a portion of the reticular formation. how your nervous system transitions between wake and sleep
awakening of sleep is called what? is the RAS stimulated or inactive
Arousal, RAS is stimulated (by many different sensory stimuli)
RAS receives input from somatic sensory receptors, eyes ears but there is no input from what?
olfactory receptors
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 1
transition stage between wakefulness & sleep that normally lasts 1-7 min. Person relaxed with eyes closed and has fleeting thoughts. People awakened during this stage often say they have not been sleeping
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 2
first stage of true sleep
person is easy to waken
fragments of dreams may be experienced
eyes may slowly roll from side to side
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 3
prior of moderately deep sleep
body temp and bp decrease
more difficult to awaken the person
occurs about 20 min after falling asleep
NREM (non-rapid eye movement) stage 4
deepest level of sleep
brain metabolism decreases significantly
Body temp drops slightly at this time, most reflexes are intact, muscle tone decreased slightly
difficult to awaken
REM sleep (rapid eye movements) is also known as what?
paradoxical sleep (because EEG reading show high frequency, small amplitude waves, similar to those of a person who is awake)
Is neuronal activity high or low during REM sleep
high, brain blood flow & oxygen use higher during REM sleep than during intense mental or physical activity when awake
Does HR, BP, RR increase or decrease in REM sleep
increase
Most dreaming occurs during REM or NREM sleep
REM
which areas of the brain have increased activity and decreased activity during REM sleep
increased- visual association area & limbic system (emotions)
decreased - prefrontal cortex (which is concerned with reasoning)
How much REM sleep do adults vs infants get?
in a typical 8 hr sleep period adults totals 90-120 (25%) min and decreases with age. infants 50% of sleep is REM
NREM sleep is induced by NREM sleep centres in what parts of the brain?
hypothalamus and basal forebrain
REM sleep is promoted by a REM sleep centre in what parts of the brain
pons & midbrain
What is one apparent sleep-inducer which accumulates during periods of high usage of ATP by the nervous system
adenosine
adenosine inhibits neurons of the RAS that participate in arousal. Adenosine binds to specific receptors called?
A1 receptors
activity in the RAS during sleep is low due to the inhibitory effect of adenosine. Which substances can bind and block A1 receptors which prevent adenosine from binding and inducing sleep
caffeine or tea
One of the criteria used to confirm brain death has occurred is
absence of brain waves (flat EEG)
after a few weeks of being in a coma, some patients enter into this state in which normal sleep-wake cycles occur still but they do not have awareness of surroundings. they are unable to speak or respond to commands, and may smile, laugh or cry but do not understand the meaning of these actions
persistent vegetative state
2 main categories of learning (associative and nonassociative) when does associative learning occur
when a connection is made between 2 stimuli (such as dogs learning to eat when bell rings)
when does non associative learning occur
when repeated exposure to a stimulus causes a change in behaviour
2 types of non associative learning (habituation & sensitization) what is havituation
repeated exposure to an irrelevant stimulus causes a DECREASED behavioural response (ex. when u hear a loud sound u may jump, but if it keeps occurring u may stop paying attention)
what is sensitization
repeated exposure to a noxious stimulus causes an INCREASED behavioural response
Process by which info acquired through learning is stored & retreived
memory
2 types of memory - declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit) memory. What is declarative (explicit) memory?
the memory of experiences that can be verbalized (declared) such as facts, events, objects, names & places.
Requires conscious recall and is stored in the association areas of the cerebral cortex
What is procedural (implicit) memory?
memory of motor skills, procedures and rules
Does not require conscious recall
Stored in the basal nuclei, cerebellum, premotor area
What is the process which a short term memory is transformed into a long term memroy
memory consolidation
What plays an important role in the consolidation of declarative memories
hippocampus
the capability for change associated with learning
plasticity
What are the 2 language areas in the cerebral cortex
- Wernickes area
- brocas area
Wernickes area - location and function
location- association area found in the temporal lobe
function-interprets the meaning of written or spoken words (translates words into thoughts
brocas area location and function
Location- a motor area in the frontal lobe
function- thoughts into speech
Receives input from wernickes area then generates a motor pattern for activation of muscles needed for the words you want to say
