1.6.4 - inorganic ions Flashcards

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1
Q

what is ion

A

atom (or group of atoms) that has an electrical charge

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2
Q

positive ion

A

cation

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3
Q

negative ion

A

anion

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4
Q

inorganic ion

A

an ion that does not contain carbon

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5
Q

inorganic ion role

A

plays an important role in many essential cellular processes

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6
Q

inorganic ions occur in solution in

A

-cytoplasm and body fluids of organisms
-some occur in high concentrations and others in very low concentrations
-the concentration of certain ions can fluctuate and cell be used in cell signalling and neuronal transmission
-each type of inorganic ion has a specific role, depending on its properties

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7
Q

inorganic ions

A

-hydrogen H+
-iron Fe2+/Fe3+
-sodium ions Na+
-phosphate ions PO4 3-
-calcium ions Ca2+

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8
Q

what are hydrogen ions

A

protons

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9
Q

what does concentration of H+ determine

A

pH

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10
Q

relationship between pH value and H+ ion present

A

-inverse relationship between value of pH and H+ ion concentration
-the more H+ ions the lower the pH as more acidic
-the fewer H+ ions the higher the pH as more alkaline

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11
Q

how does concentration of pH affect enzyme controlled reactions

A

-affects the pH
-fluids in the body normally have a pH of approximately 7.4
-the maintenance of this normal pH is essential for many of the metabolic processes that take place within cells
-changes in pH can effect enzyme structure
-for example, abnormal levels of hydrogen ions can interact with side-chains of amino acids and change into secondary and tertiary structures of proteins that make up enzymes
-this can cause denaturation of enzymes

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12
Q

what do the iron ions depend on

A

oxidation states

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13
Q

what is Iron (II) also known as

A

ferrous ions (Fe2+)

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14
Q

what is Iron (III) also known as

A

ferric ions (Fe3+)

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15
Q

use of Iron ions in binding oxygen

A

-haemoglobin is the large protein in red blood cells that is responsible for transporting oxygen around the body
-haemoglobin is made up of 4 polypeptide chains that each contain one Fe2+
-this Fe2+ is a key component in haemoglobin as it binds to oxygen
-Myoglobin in muscles function in a similar way (is an oxygen binding protein) but only made of one polypeptide chain (containing one Fe2+)

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16
Q

how are Iron ions used in transfer of electrons during respiration and protein synthesis (key to biological generation of energy)

A

-iron ions are an essential component of cytochromes (that are themsleves a component of electron transport chains)
-cytochrome c contains an iron ion that is essential to its function
-during the electron transport processes, this iron ion switches between the Fe3+ and Fe2+ oxidation states, which allows for electrons to be accepted and donated

17
Q

what are the two roles of iron ions

A

-binding to oxyegn –> haemoglobin
-transfer of electrons during respiration and photosynthesis

18
Q

what is use of sodium ion

A

Na+ is required to transport glucose and amino acids across cell-surface membranes

19
Q

how is Na+ used to transport glucose and amino acids across cell-surface membranes

A

-glucose and amino acid molecules can only enter cells through carrier proteins alongside Na+
-this processes is known as co-transport
-first, Na+ is actively transported out of the epithelial cells that line the villi
-the Na+ concentration inside the epithelial cells is now lower that the Na+ concentration of the lumen of the small intestine
-Na+ now re-enters the cells (moving down the concentration gradient) through co-transport proteins on the surface membrane of the epithelial cells, allowing glucose and amino acids to enter at the same time

20
Q

Na+ use in nerves

A

required for the transmission of nerve impulses

21
Q

what 2 things is the sodium ion used for

A

-Na+ is required for the transport of glucose and amino acids across cell-surface membranes such as in the small intestine
-Na+ is also required for transmission of nerve impulses

22
Q

phosphate ions as phosphate groups

A

-phosphate ions attaches to other molecules to form phosphate groups which are an essential component of DNA, RNA and ATP
-in DNA and RNA the phosphate groups allow individual nucleotides to join up (to form polynucleotides)

23
Q

phosphate ions use in storing energy

A
  • in ATP, the bods between phosphate groups store energy
    -these phosphate groups can be easily attached or detached
    -when the bonds between the phosphate groups are broken, they release a large amount of energy, which can be used for cellular process
24
Q

phosphate ions in cell membranes

A

-phosphates are also found in phospholipds which are key components of the phospholipd bilayer of cell membranes

25
Q

use of phosphate ions

A

-essential component of DNA, RNA and ATP
-store energy in ATP
-component of cell membrane

26
Q

calcium ion use in movement of organisms

A

-in synapses, calcium ions regulate the transmission of impulses from neurone to neurone

27
Q

calcium ions stimulate muscle contraction

A

-when an impulse reaches a muscle fibre, Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
-this Ca2+ binds to troponin C, removing the tropomyosin from myosin-binding sites on actin
-this allows actin-myosin cross-bridges to form when the muscle fibre contracts

28
Q

calcium ions in regulating protein channels

A

Ca2+ can help to regulate protein channels which effects permeability of cell membranes
-many enzymes are activated by Ca2+, making these ions key regulators in many biological reactions
-the presence of Ca2+ is also necessary for the formation of blood clots (known as the clotting factor)

29
Q

3 roles of calcium ions

A

-essential in movement of organisms
-stimulates muscle contraction
-regulate protein channels which affects permeability of cell membranes