16.1 Flashcards
King George III
King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.
Taxation Without Representation
a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.
The Stamp Act
passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship’s papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed.
George Washington
an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.
Red Coats
a historical item of military clothing used widely, though not exclusively worn, by most regiments of the British Army from the 17th to the 20th centuries.
Continental Army
formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.
Seven Year War
a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763.
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.
Patriots
a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.
Thomas Jefferson
an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809.
Declaration of Independence
the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.
The Three Estates
the three divisions of European society in the Middle Ages: the nobles (first estate), the clergy (second estate), and the commoners (third estate).
Louis XV
known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five.
Marie Antoinette
the last Queen of France prior to the French Revolution. She was born an Archduchess of Austria, and was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.
Versailles
a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France.
National Assembly
an elected legislature in various countries.
Estates General
the bicameral legislative body in the Netherlands.
Declaration of Right of Man
a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.
Constitution of 1791
created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.
Emigres
a person who has left their own country in order to settle in another, usually for political reasons.
Radicals
a person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.
Moderates
a person who holds moderate views, especially in politics.
Conservatives
a person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics.
Reign of Terror
also known as The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of “enemies of the revolution”.
Jacobins
a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793–4.
Maximilien Robespierre
a French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.
Guillotine
an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame in which a weighted and angled blade is raised to the top and suspended.
Conscription
compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.
Coup
a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.
The Directory
a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (8–9 November 1799) and replaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution.
Napoleon Bonaparte
a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.
Counter Revoutionary
anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.
Napoleonic Code
the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804.
The Consulate Waterloo
the premises officially occupied by a consul.
Nationalism
a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared communal identification with one’s nation.
Duke of Wellington
Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, and one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain.
Tennis Court Oath
a pivotal event in the early days of the French Revolution.
Bastille
a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France.
