16.1

Question 1

King George III

Answer 1

King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two countries on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death.

Question 2

Taxation Without Representation

Answer 2

a slogan originating during the 1750s and 1760s that summarized a primary grievance of the American colonists in the Thirteen Colonies, which was one of the major causes of the American Revolution.

Question 3

The Stamp Act

Answer 3

passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765. The new tax was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship’s papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed.

Question 4

George Washington

Answer 4

an American politician and soldier who served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and was one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Question 5

Red Coats

Answer 5

a historical item of military clothing used widely, though not exclusively worn, by most regiments of the British Army from the 17th to the 20th centuries.

Question 6

Continental Army

Answer 6

formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America.

Question 7

Seven Year War

Answer 7

a war fought between 1754 and 1763, the main conflict occurring in the seven-year period from 1756 to 1763.

Question 8

Loyalists

Answer 8

American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.

Question 9

Patriots

Answer 9

a person who vigorously supports their country and is prepared to defend it against enemies or detractors.

Question 10

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 10

an American Founding Father who was the principal author of the Declaration of Independence and later served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

Question 11

Declaration of Independence

Answer 11

the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776, which announced that the thirteen American colonies, then at war with the Kingdom of Great Britain, regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer under British rule.

Question 12

The Three Estates

Answer 12

the three divisions of European society in the Middle Ages: the nobles (first estate), the clergy (second estate), and the commoners (third estate).

Question 13

Louis XV

Answer 13

known as Louis the Beloved, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who ruled as King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five.

Question 14

Marie Antoinette

Answer 14

the last Queen of France prior to the French Revolution. She was born an Archduchess of Austria, and was the fifteenth and second youngest child of Empress Maria Theresa and Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor.

Question 15

Versailles

Answer 15

a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France.

Question 16

National Assembly

Answer 16

an elected legislature in various countries.

Question 17

Estates General

Answer 17

the bicameral legislative body in the Netherlands.

Question 18

Declaration of Right of Man

Answer 18

a fundamental document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.

Question 19

Constitution of 1791

Answer 19

created by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. It retained the monarchy, but sovereignty effectively resided in the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by a system of indirect voting.

Question 20

Emigres

Answer 20

a person who has left their own country in order to settle in another, usually for political reasons.

Question 21

Radicals

Answer 21

a person who advocates thorough or complete political or social reform; a member of a political party or part of a party pursuing such aims.

Question 22

Moderates

Answer 22

a person who holds moderate views, especially in politics.

Question 23

Conservatives

Answer 23

a person who is averse to change and holds to traditional values and attitudes, typically in relation to politics.

Question 24

Reign of Terror

Answer 24

also known as The Terror (French: la Terreur), was a period of violence that occurred after the onset of the French Revolution, incited by conflict between two rival political factions, the Girondins and Jacobins, and marked by mass executions of “enemies of the revolution”.

Question 25

Jacobins

Answer 25

a member of a democratic club established in Paris in 1789. The Jacobins were the most radical and ruthless of the political groups formed in the wake of the French Revolution, and in association with Robespierre they instituted the Terror of 1793–4.

Question 26

Maximilien Robespierre

Answer 26

a French lawyer and politician. He was one of the best-known and most influential figures associated with the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror.

Question 27

Guillotine

Answer 27

an apparatus designed for efficiently carrying out executions by beheading. The device consists of a tall, upright frame in which a weighted and angled blade is raised to the top and suspended.

Question 28

Conscription

Answer 28

compulsory enlistment for state service, typically into the armed forces.

Question 29

Coup

Answer 29

a sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of power from a government.

Question 30

The Directory

Answer 30

a five-member committee which governed France from 1795, when it replaced the Committee of Public Safety, until it was overthrown by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Coup of 18 Brumaire (8–9 November 1799) and replaced by the Consulate. It gave its name to the final four years of the French Revolution.

Question 31

Napoleon Bonaparte

Answer 31

a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the French Revolutionary Wars.

Question 32

Counter Revoutionary

Answer 32

anyone who opposes a revolution, particularly those who act after a revolution to try to overturn or reverse it, in full or in part.

Question 33

Napoleonic Code

Answer 33

the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804.

Question 34

The Consulate Waterloo

Answer 34

the premises officially occupied by a consul.

Question 35

Nationalism

Answer 35

a complex, multidimensional concept involving a shared communal identification with one’s nation.

Question 36

Duke of Wellington

Answer 36

Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS, was an Anglo-Irish soldier and statesman, and one of the leading military and political figures of 19th-century Britain.

Question 37

Tennis Court Oath

Answer 37

a pivotal event in the early days of the French Revolution.

Question 38

Bastille

Answer 38

a fortress in Paris, known formally as the Bastille Saint-Antoine. It played an important role in the internal conflicts of France and for most of its history was used as a state prison by the kings of France.