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Chapter 16/17=> Organic Synthesis & Spectroscopy > 16.1 - 17.2 > Flashcards

16.1 - 17.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 examples of greenhouse gases

A

1) CO2
2) water vapour
3) methane

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2
Q

What do greenhouse gases do

A
  • absorb the radiation and re-emit it back towards the earth
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3
Q

What causes the increase of greenhouse gasses

A
  • human activities(e.g burning fossil fuels and landfill)
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4
Q

What is global warming

A
  • the gradual warming of the Earth
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5
Q

What is evidence for global warming

A
  • analysing air and sea water samples
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6
Q

How do we reduce greenhouse emissions

A
  • an international agreement was made so leaders of the countries who signed up would agree to limit CO2 emissions
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7
Q

How is the UK is trying to reduce emission levels

A
  • by using more renewable energy sources: wind, solar and encouraging electric vehicle use
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8
Q

How does infrared spectroscopy use infrared radiation

A
  • to increase the vibrational energy of covalent bonds in a sample
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9
Q

What two things does the frequency of infrared radiation absorbed by a covalent bond depend on

A

1) the ATOMS that are either side of the bond
2) the POSITIONs of the bond in the molecule

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10
Q

What are the uses of infrared spectroscopy

A
  • BREATHALYSERS=> police use it to detect if someone is over the drink drive limit, we are measuring the amount of ethanol in a sample of breath, measure if the C-H peak
  • EMISSION TESTING=> used to test car emissions, show levels of NO and CO
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11
Q

What is mass spectrometry used to find

A
  • the relative molecular mass of a compound
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12
Q

What do peaks show in mass spectroscopy

A
  • fragments of the original molecule
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13
Q

What relevance to the molecule does the last peak have

A
  • is the same as the relative molecular mass of the molecule
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14
Q

What is fragmentation and what can it be used to determine

A
  • the breaking up of molecules as they are bombarded with high energy electrons
  • can be used to determine molecular structure
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15
Q

What type of charge does is detected in mass spectroscopy

A
  • ONLY the positive charge
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16
Q

What 3 major peaks would the spectrum produce with propane

A

1) CH3CH2CH3 +
2) CH3 +
3) CH3CH2 +

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17
Q

When trying to work out an unknown compound what would you use

A
  • both mass spectrometry and infrared
18
Q

How do you identify an unknown compound

A

1) Work out the molecular formula
2) Distinguish the functional groups using infrared
3) Work out the structure using fragment pattern in mass spectrometry

19
Q

When do you use reflux

A
  • when you want to heat volatile liquids
20
Q

What does reflux reactions allow for and how

A
  • for you to heat without loosing your product
  • it does this because the compounds can evaporate and condense and fall back into the flask
21
Q

How do we heat up flammable liquids for reflux reactions and why

A
  • using a water bath
  • electric heater (mantle)
  • because this is safer than using a naked flame
22
Q

When do we use distillation

A
  • when we want to separate substances with different boiling points
23
Q

How does knowing the billing point of the chemical you want useful

A
  • as it allows you to decide how you are going to separate your compound
24
Q

What does you do when you the compound you want has a lower boiling point when distilling

A
  • heat to the temperature of the boiling point of your compound you want to separate and collect the product in a separate vessel
25
Q

What does you do when you the compound you want has a higher boiling point when distilling

A
  • heat to the temperature of the boiling point of your compound you want to separate
  • your compound will remain in the round bottomed flask
26
Q

How is distillation useful

A
  • when you want to extract a chemical before it reacts any further ( like an aldehyde)
    E.g oxidising primary alcohols
27
Q

When do we use re distillation and separation

A
  • when we want to purify volatile substances which can be purifies further using separation
28
Q

What is redistilation

A
  • distilling a product
  • and distilling the liquids again
29
Q

Why do we use a separating funnel

A
  • to separate and further purify substances
  • and then add a drying agent to remove water
30
Q

What are separation techniques used for

A
  • to remove impurities that are dissolves in water
31
Q

Describe the separation and purification method

A

1) add products from distillation into a separating funnel
2) add water to dissolve soluble impurities and create an aqueous solution
3) after allowing the solution to settle, 2 layers will form
4) drain the aqueous layer off
PURIFICATION
5) take impurities from he separating funnel and add to a round bottomed flaks
6) add anhydrous CaCl still it stops clumping together, this is a dehydrating agent and will remove any aqueous substances still remaining
7) invert the flask and leave it for 20-30 mins
8) filter the solid drying agent to remove

32
Q

What does the top layer formed in separation show

A
  • impure products
33
Q

What does the bottom layer formed in separation show

A
  • aqueous layer containing water soluble impurities
34
Q

Draw an organic synthesis diagram

A
35
Q

What has an influence on the type of reaction you get

A
  • the functional group
36
Q

What properties make alkanes react the way they do

A
  • C-C
  • unreactive & non poplar
  • undergo radical substitution
37
Q

What properties make alkenes react the way they do

A
  • C=C
  • non-polar & electron rich double bond
  • undergo electrophilic addition
38
Q

What properties make alcohols react the way they do

A
  • C-OH
  • polar C-O bond
  • undergo nucleophillic substitution/ elimination/ dehydration
39
Q

What properties make carboxylic acids react the way they do

A
  • -COOH
  • carbon electron deficient (delta positive)
40
Q

What properties make haloalkanes react the way they do

A
  • C-X
  • polar C-X bond
  • undergo nucleophilic substitution
41
Q

What properties make aldehydes/ketones react the way they do

A
  • C=O
  • polar C=O bond
  • aldehydes oxidise ketones don’t

Chapter 16/17=> Organic Synthesis & Spectroscopy (1 decks)

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