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History - The Cold War - Part 4 > 16 - Pressures On The Ussr, C1963-72 > Flashcards

16 - Pressures On The Ussr, C1963-72 Flashcards

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1
Q

Summarise the Khrushchev era

A

Relaxation, allowing different routes to socialism

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2
Q

Summarise the Brezhnev era

A

Return to Stalin’s repression + use of force in attempt to reassert Soviet dominance (met with E.European resistance)

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3
Q

What was the change to US leadership in Nov 1963?

A

Kennedy -> Johnson

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4
Q

Why did Johnson become President?

A

He was Vice President, gaining power in 1963 after President Kennedy’s assassination
Gained Presidency in his own right in 1964

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5
Q

What was the change to USSR leadership in Oct 1964?

A

Khrushchev -> Brezhnev

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6
Q

Why did Brezhnev gain power?

A
  • Khrushchev becoming seen as a failure (results of CMC + BC, inability to improve standards of living)
  • Khrushchev absent from Kremlin for 5 months
  • Brezhnev led other party members in ousting Khrushchev
  • Khrushchev accepted ‘retirement’ (old age + poor health)
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7
Q

What was Brezhnev’s position before he became Premier of USSR?

A

Secretary of Central Committee

Deputy leader of Communist Party

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8
Q

Did Czechoslovakia try to take Marshall Aid?

A

Yes

Summoned to Moscow + forced to reject aid

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9
Q

When did the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC) gain power?

A

Feb 1948

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10
Q

When was there a crisis in Czechoslovakia?

A

1968

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11
Q

What caused the discontent in Czechoslovakia in 1968?

A
  • An economy that had been prosperous recorded negative growth for the first time in 1963
  • Czechoslovakian economy/growth was limited as they were forced to produce goods (E.g. steel) for the USSR
  • Return to harsh censorship + repression under Brezhnev + Novotny
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12
Q

Who was Novotny?

A

Head of Czechoslovakian Communist Party (KSC) + President of Czechoslovakia

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13
Q

Who spoke out about need for political reform in Czechslovakia in 1968 to stop the dissatisfaction?

A

Ota Sik

Economist Professor

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14
Q

What did Professor Ota Sik say in Czechoslovakia?

A
  • Proposed reforms to the planned command economy to reduce the dissatisfaction
  • KSC refused
  • Spoke out about need for political reform, which was clearly the only way to make change + increase satisfaction (1966)
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15
Q

Who supported Ota Sik’s call for political reform?

A

Intellectuals, then members of the wider public

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16
Q

Why was communism being questioned in Czechoslovakia in the 1960s?

A

The declining economic + social conditions became associated with the Communist Party leadership (they refused to make change to reduce public dissatisfaction!)

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17
Q

Why did Brezhnev pressurise a change in leadership in Czechoslovakia in 1968?

A

Soviets saw public support for Sik’s suggestion that political reform was needed + became concerned that if Novotny stayed in power, a coup would oust him + the rest of the Communist Party

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18
Q

What was the change to leadership in 1968 Czechoslovakia?

A

Novotny -> Dubcek

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19
Q

Who was Dubcek?

A
  • Long term Slovak communist

- Became President of Czechoslovakia in 1968

20
Q

Why did Brezhnev choose Dubcek to lead Czechoslovakia + their Communist Party?

A
  • He appeared to be a typical communist Party bureaucrat (Thought he would prevent revolt as a fresh leader)
  • He was a Slovak
    (Thought he would appeal to minorities who were revolting)
21
Q

Why did Dubcek turn out not to be a good choice for Czechoslovakia leader in the eyes of the USSR?

A

He turned out to be a charismatic advocate for political reform, not a typical communist who would shut down talk of reform

22
Q

When did Dubcek become President of Czechoslovakia?

A

Jan 1968

23
Q

How did Dubcek start his transition towards reform?

A

Began with caution (knew he was watched by USSR)

  • Started bringing in politicians who supported reform
  • Vaguely said Czechoslovakia needed a ‘new start to socialism’
24
Q

What action did Dubcek take to make his desire for reform clear?

A

Action Programme (April 1968)

25
Q

What message did Dubcek advocate?

A

‘Socialism with a human face’

26
Q

What is the meaning of ‘socialism with a human face’?

A

Liberalising to make the communist rule more acceptable for the population - less oppressive + harsh etc

27
Q

What reforms did Dubcek propose in his 1968 Action Programme?

A
  • Freedom of speech + press
  • Freedom of movement (including to western countries)
  • Formal recognition of the state of Israel
  • Freedom of economic enterprise
  • Rights of autonomy for the politically repressed + underrepresented (e.g. Slovaks)
28
Q

What is freedom of economic enterprise?

A

Making business decisions based on consumer demand, not government targets (e.g. amount + type of goods produced centred around consumer desire)

29
Q

What actions did Dubcek make to try to protect his reforms + prevent USSR anger?

A
  • Communist Party retained its leading role

- CZ stayed in Warsaw Pact

30
Q

What was the Prague Spring (spring-summer 1968)?

A

Period of countrywide hope as Dubcek’s Action Plan of reforms began, e.g.

  • Press censorship ended
  • Plan to open borders with West
  • Discussions of trade agreement with Germany
31
Q

How did other Warsaw Pact states view the Prague Spring?

A

Many feared that CZ were becoming more capitalist/Western

32
Q

What actions were taken by Warsaw Pact countries to try to end Dubcek’s reforms or provoke a pro-Soviet group to emerge from the party that could be supported?

A
  • Military exercises in CZ to intimidate (June 1968)
  • Warsaw Letter (July 1968)
  • Brezhnev had 6 meetings with Dubcek (July 1968)
33
Q

What was the Warsaw Letter?

A

Letter by Warsaw Pact countries in July 1968 that outlined how the CZ reforms were threatening the whole socialist community + encouraged them to end them

34
Q

Did Dubcek stop his reforming path due to the actions taken by other Warsaw Pact countries?

A

No

35
Q

What was the Warsaw Pact’s ultimate solution to end the liberalisation in CZ?

A

Invasion

36
Q

Briefly outline the Invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968

A
  • 20th Aug: 500,000 Warsaw Pact troops entered CZ
  • Troops received no resistance by army, only by some public
  • Dubcek + other leaders arrested + replaced by harsh, pro-soviet leadership under Husak (officially from April 1969)
37
Q

Give 3 ways the public showed resistance to the Invasion of Czechoslovakia

A
  • Threw petrol bombs
  • Protested in Wenceslas Square
  • Radio broadcast situation to the world
38
Q

Who was Dubcek replaced by?

A

Husak (harsh, pro-Soviet)

39
Q

When did Warsaw Pact troops invade CZ?

A

20th Aug 1968

40
Q

How did NATO react to the invasion of Czechoslovakia?

A

No physical reaction (US only verbally condemned invasion + cancelled a summit with the Soviets)

41
Q

How did other communist countries react to the invasion of Czechoslovakia?

A

Most negatively

  • China: relations worsened. (Feared similar Soviet invasion)
  • Yugoslavia + Romania: relations worsened (had supported reforms)
  • Albania: relations worsened greatly, left WP (had supported reforms)
42
Q

Which countries reacted most negatively to the invasion of CZ? Why?

A

Other communist countries - saw Soviets as controlling + threatening

43
Q

How did the Red Army react to the invasion of Czechoslovakia? Why?

A

Angry/more hostile towards Brezhnev

- He lied to them + told them the CZ people had requested their military assistance (clearly not - people had resisted)

44
Q

How did the people of the country react to the invasion of Czechoslovakia?

A

Developed a deep-rooted hatred for the USSR that would emerge later

45
Q

What did the Brezhnev Doctrine (Nov 1968) state?

A

Any threat to socialist rule in a Soviet bloc state/ally was a threat to the whole community so other socialist states must intervene to stop it

46
Q

When was the Brezhnev Doctrine outlined?

A

Nov 1968

History - The Cold War - Part 4 (4 decks)

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