16 Organic Synthesis Flashcards
What is organic synthesis? (1 mark)
Preparation of complex molecules from simple starting molecules.
What is ozonolysis? (1 mark)
A technique to break open a C=C double bond.
What is a target molecule? (1 mark)
The molecule that is attempting to be made.
What functional group does an alkene have? (1 mark)
C=C double bond
What functional group does an alcohol have? (1 mark)
OH
What functional group does a ketone have? (1 mark)
C—C(=O)—C
A middle carbon with an oxygen attracted with a double bond
What functional group does a nitrile have? (1 mark)
CN
(There is a triple bond between the C and N and the Cheadle is on the C)
What functional group does an aldehyde have? (1 mark)
O=C—H
What functional group does a haloalkane have? (1 mark)
A halogen
E.g. Cl, Br, I
What functional group does a carboxylic acid have? (1 mark)
O=C—OH
What functional group does an ester have? (1 mark)
O=C—OC
What functional group does an amine have? (1 mark)
NH2
What functional group does an acyl chloride have?
O=C—Cl
What 3 things can make a haloalkane in 1 step, state the reactants and conditions? (6 marks)
Alkane: UV light + halogen
Alkene: 20 degrees + hydrogen halogen
Alcohol: Sodium halogen + Sulphuric acid + 20 degrees
How can you make a dihaloalkane one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)
Alkene: UV light + halogen
What 2 things can make an alcohol in 1 step, state the reactants and conditions? (4 marks)
Haloalkane: aqueous NaOH, reflux
Alkene: steam + concentrated sulphuric acid + 300 degrees + 60-70atm, catalytic hydration
What can make an alkane in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)
Alkene: halogen + nickel catalyst + 150 degrees, hydrogenation
What is the only thing that can make an amine, in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (4 marks)
Haloalkane: concentrated ammonia +
aqueous ethanol, reflux
Haloalkane: excess amine in ethanol, reflux
What is the only thing that a can make a nitrile in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)
Haloalkane: KCN in ethanol, reflux
What is the only way you can make an Alkene in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)
Alcohol: concentrated sulphuric acid + 170 degrees
What is the only thing you can use to make an aldehyde in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (4 marks)
Alcohol: potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, oxidation
Alcohol: potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, reflux
What is the only way you can make a ketone in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)
Alcohol: potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, reflux, oxidation
What is the only way you can make a carboxylic acid in one step, state the reactants and products? (2 marks)
Aldehyde: Potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, reflux, oxidation
What is reflux and why is it used? (2 marks)
Reflux is continuous boiling/evaporation and condensation.
It’s done to prevent loss of volatile liquids whilst heating.
