16 Organic Synthesis

Question 1

What is organic synthesis? (1 mark)

Answer 1

Preparation of complex molecules from simple starting molecules.

Question 2

What is ozonolysis? (1 mark)

Answer 2

A technique to break open a C=C double bond.

Question 3

What is a target molecule? (1 mark)

Answer 3

The molecule that is attempting to be made.

Question 4

What functional group does an alkene have? (1 mark)

Answer 4

C=C double bond

Question 5

What functional group does an alcohol have? (1 mark)

Answer 5

OH

Question 6

What functional group does a ketone have? (1 mark)

Answer 6

C—C(=O)—C
A middle carbon with an oxygen attracted with a double bond

Question 7

What functional group does a nitrile have? (1 mark)

Answer 7

CN
(There is a triple bond between the C and N and the Cheadle is on the C)

Question 8

What functional group does an aldehyde have? (1 mark)

Answer 8

O=C—H

Question 9

What functional group does a haloalkane have? (1 mark)

Answer 9

A halogen
E.g. Cl, Br, I

Question 10

What functional group does a carboxylic acid have? (1 mark)

Answer 10

O=C—OH

Question 11

What functional group does an ester have? (1 mark)

Answer 11

O=C—OC

Question 12

What functional group does an amine have? (1 mark)

Answer 12

NH2

Question 13

What functional group does an acyl chloride have?

Answer 13

O=C—Cl

Question 14

What 3 things can make a haloalkane in 1 step, state the reactants and conditions? (6 marks)

Answer 14

Alkane: UV light + halogen
Alkene: 20 degrees + hydrogen halogen
Alcohol: Sodium halogen + Sulphuric acid + 20 degrees

Question 15

How can you make a dihaloalkane one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)

Answer 15

Alkene: UV light + halogen

Question 16

What 2 things can make an alcohol in 1 step, state the reactants and conditions? (4 marks)

Answer 16

Haloalkane: aqueous NaOH, reflux

Alkene: steam + concentrated sulphuric acid + 300 degrees + 60-70atm, catalytic hydration

Question 17

What can make an alkane in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)

Answer 17

Alkene: halogen + nickel catalyst + 150 degrees, hydrogenation

Question 18

What is the only thing that can make an amine, in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (4 marks)

Answer 18

Haloalkane: concentrated ammonia +
aqueous ethanol, reflux

Haloalkane: excess amine in ethanol, reflux

Question 19

What is the only thing that a can make a nitrile in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)

Answer 19

Haloalkane: KCN in ethanol, reflux

Question 20

What is the only way you can make an Alkene in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)

Answer 20

Alcohol: concentrated sulphuric acid + 170 degrees

Question 21

What is the only thing you can use to make an aldehyde in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (4 marks)

Answer 21

Alcohol: potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, oxidation

Alcohol: potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, reflux

Question 22

What is the only way you can make a ketone in one step, state the reactants and conditions? (2 marks)

Answer 22

Alcohol: potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, reflux, oxidation

Question 23

What is the only way you can make a carboxylic acid in one step, state the reactants and products? (2 marks)

Answer 23

Aldehyde: Potassium dichromate + excess sulphuric acid, reflux, oxidation

Question 24

What is reflux and why is it used? (2 marks)

Answer 24

Reflux is continuous boiling/evaporation and condensation.
It’s done to prevent loss of volatile liquids whilst heating.