16. Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
What are the 3 most common cancers in males?
Prostate
Lung
Bowel
What are the 3 most common cancers in females?
Breast
Lung
Bowel
What are the most common cancers in children younger than 14?
Leukaemias
CNS tumour
Lymphomas
What cancer has the biggest mortality in both males and females?
Lung
What can affect the outcome of a patient with cancer?
Age General health status Tumour site Tumour the Differentiation Tumour stage Availability of effective treatments
How are tumours staged generally?
T - size of primary tumour
N - extend of regional lymph node involvement
M - metastatic spread via the blood
What do the different stages of cancer mean?
Stage 1 - early local disease
Stage 2 - advanced local disease (N0,M0)
Stage 3 - regional metastasis (N1 or more with M0)
Stage 4 - advanced disease with distant metastasis (M1)
How does the Ann Arbor staging system work?
1 - 1 tumour
2 - multiple tumours it same side of diaphragm
3 - tumours on both sides of diaphragm
4 - tumours in organs
What is the Ann Arbor staging system used for?
Lymphomas
What are the grades?
G1 - well differentiated
G2 - moderately differentiated
G3 - poorly differentiated
G4 - undifferentiated or aplastic
What does a grade describe?
The degree of differentiation of a neoplasm
What are the possible treatments for cancers?
Surgery Radiotherapy Chemotherapy Hormone therapy Treatments targeted to specific molecular alterations Immunotherapy
What is adjuvant treatment?
Treatment given after surgical removal of a primary tumour to eliminate sub clinical disease
What is neoadjuvant treatment?
Given prior to surgical excision to reduce the size of the primary tumour
How does radiation therapy work?
Kills proliferating cells by triggering apoptosis or interfering with mitosis
Kills rapidly dividing cells in g2 of cell cycle
What are the types of chemotherapy?
Antimetabolites
Alkylating and platinum based drugs
Antibiotics
Plant drive drugs
How do antimetabolites work?
Mimic normal substrates involves in DNA replication
How do alkylating and platinum based drugs work?
Cyclophosphamide and cosplaying cross link the 2 strands of the DNA helix
How do antibiotics work as a chemotherapy?
Doxorubicin inhibits DNA topoisomerase needed for DNA synthesis
Blew my in causes double stranded DNA breaks
How do plant derived drugs work as chemotherapy?
Block microtubules assembly and interferes with mitotic spindle formation
What are the possible side effects of chemotherapy on the body?
Pain Hair loss Mouth sores Trouble breathing Weakened immune system Nausea, vomiting Constipation, diarrhoea Bruising, bleeding Neuropathy
How does immunotherapy work?
Target immune system to help fight cancer by recognising and attacking cancer cells
Immune checkpoint inhibitors
Ipilimumab - interferes with priming and activation of APC and T cells
Nivolumab - involved in cancer cell killing
