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OBGYN > 16: Lower GT infections > Flashcards

16: Lower GT infections Flashcards

1
Q

Syphilis is screened for with ? and confirmed with either ?

A

RPR and VDRL tests

fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption (FTA-ABS) test and the Treponema pallidum particle agglutination assay (TPPA).

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2
Q

drug of choice for syphilis

A

Benzathine penicillin 2.4 million units IM one time

late latent: 2.4 million units IM weekly for 3 weeks

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3
Q

Up to 80% of newly acquired genital herpes infections are caused by ?

A

HSV-1

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4
Q

Primary herpes infection classically appears as ?

A

multiple vesicles that develop into painful ulcers.

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5
Q

Treatment of genital herpes ?

A

usually palliative, although acyclovir can reduce the length of primary infection and suppressive therapy may decrease the number of recurrences.

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6
Q

Chancroid presentation

A

painful genital ulcer and usually concomitant LAD, but can be difficult to diagnose via Gs/Cx

  • caused by Haemophilus ducreyi
  • cofactor for HIV transmission, coinf. w. T. pallidum or HSV
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7
Q

Chancroid tx

A

single doses of PO azithromycin 1g or IM ceftriaxone 250mg

  • or ciprofloxacin 500 mg PO BID x3, or erythromycin 500 mg 4x/day x7
  • tx partner
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8
Q

Bacterial vaginosis is polymicrobial but usually attributed to ?
treatment ?

A

Gardnerella, and the first-line treatment is metronidazole (Flagyl) 500 mg BID x7
-alt: clindamycin 300 mg BID x7

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9
Q

75% of sexual partners of those with Trichomonas will also be colonized and should be presumptively treated with ?

A

first-line treatment of metronidazole 2 g orally single dose.

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10
Q

sequela of G/C infection

A

cervicitis, PID, TOA, and Bartholin abscess

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11
Q

Treatment for uncomplicated gonorrhea infections

A

ceftriaxone 125 mg IM or cefixime 400 mg orally single dose.
-also include azithromycin 1 g orally once to treat likely concomitant chlamydial infections. (or doxycycline 100 mg BID x7 or erythromycin 500mg PO 4x/day x7)

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12
Q

incidence and chlamydia and G/C infections

A

incidence of gonococcal infections has remained stable, whereas the incidence of chlamydial infections has increased.

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13
Q

how often is chlamydia asymptomatic?

treatment?

A

Up to 70% of chlamydial infections are entirely asymptomatic

-one-time 1 g oral dose of azithromycin

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14
Q

Approximately 80% to 85% of UTIs are caused by ?

A

E. coli and other organisms that colonize the GI tract.

  • Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterococcus
  • urethritis: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae, HSV
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15
Q

In patients with symptoms of cystitis, but a negative culture, the diagnosis of ?should be entertained.

A

overactive bladder or painful bladder syndrome (interstitial cystitis)

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16
Q

treatment for uncomplicated UTI

A

TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin, or a fluoroquinolone for 3 to 7 days
-Ampicillin or cephalexin has also been used; however, more recently, beta-lactams have become less effective in the treatment of uncomplicated UTIs

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17
Q

treatment of pyelonephritis

A

typically treated inpatient with IV antibiotics. Outpatient management for reliable pts
-14-day antimicrobial therapy

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18
Q

vulvitis typically caused by ? presents with ?

treatment ?

A

candidiasis, presents with vulvar erythema, pruritus, and small satellite lesions
topical or systemic antifungals
-rule out malignancy
-may be due to allergic reaction, chemical or fabric irritants, and vulvar dystrophies

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19
Q

conditions other than infections that can lead to vulvar ulcerations

A

Crohn’s: linear “knife cut” vulvar ulcers as its first manifestation, preceding GI or other systemic manifestations by months to years. Behçet disease: tender and highly destructive vulvar lesions that often cause fenestrations in the labia and extensive scarring.

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20
Q

T. pallidum most likely enters the body through ?

A

minute abrasions in the skin or mucosal surface and replicates locally. Initial lesions therefore commonly occur on the vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, nipples, or lips.

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21
Q

primary syphilis chancre

A

painless, red, round, firm ulcer approximately 1 cm in size with raised edges
-develops about 3 weeks after inoculation

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22
Q

secondary syphilis

A

develops approximately 3 weeks after inoculation
-flu-like symptoms, maculopapular rash may appear on the palms/soles
+/- meningitis, osteitis, nephritis, or hepatitis
-lesions respond spontaneously

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23
Q

early vs late syphilis based on time of initial symptoms

A

early (acquired <1 year)

late (acquired >1 year)

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24
Q

tertiary syphilis

A

granulomas (gummas) of the skin and bones; cardiovascular syphilis with aortitis; and neurosyphilis with meningovascular disease, paresis, and tabes dorsalis.

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25
Q

syphilis tx alternatives for PCN-allergic pts

A

doxycycline 100 mg orally twice a day for 14 days, tetracycline 500 mg orally four times a day for 14 days, ceftriaxone 1 g IM or IV daily for 10 to 14 days, or azithromycin 2 g single oral dose
-desensitize pregnant pts to PCN

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26
Q

Neurosyphilis tx

A
  • requires IV penicillin
  • aqueous crystalline penicillin G, 3 to 4 million units IV q4h x10-14
  • alternatives: procaine penicillin 2.4 million units IM once daily plus probenecid 500 mg orally 4x/day both for x10-14
27
Q

Syphilis Treatment success can be verified by

A

following RPR or VDRL titers at 6, 12, and 24 months. Titers should decrease 4x by 6 months and become nonreactive by 12 to 24 months after completion of treatment.

28
Q

Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction

caused by ?

A

fever, chills, headache, myalgia, malaise, pharyngitis, rash, and other symptoms that usually occur within the first 24 hours (most 1st 8 hours) after any therapy for syphilis (up to 90% of patients with secondary syphilis)
-injured/dead organisms release endotoxins into the circulation marked by systemic release of cytokines.

29
Q

primary HSV infection presentation

A

flulike symptoms including malaise, myalgias, nausea, diarrhea, and fever. Vulvar burning and pruritus precede the multiple vesicles that appear next and usually remain intact for 24 to 36 hours before evolving into painful genital ulcers

30
Q

recurrent HSV episodes can occur as frequently as ?

when does shedding occur?

A

1-6x per year
-subclinical or asymptomatic shedding can occur and is more frequent during the first 6 months after acquisition and immediately before or after recurrent outbreaks.

31
Q

pregnant women should have vaginal examinations around the time of delivery to check for HSV, if lesions?

A

C-section

32
Q

HSV diagnosis

A

typically clinical + sexual history

  • gold standard: viral cultures (low sn)
  • Tzanck smear (low sn/sp)
  • type-specific antibodies for HSV-1 and HSV-2 IgG
33
Q

primary HSV tx

A

acyclovir 200 mg five times per day, acyclovir 400 mg three times per day, famciclovir 250 mg three times per day, or valacyclovir 1 g twice per day orally for 7 to 10 days
-reduce length and shedding

34
Q

treatment of severe HSV infections, such as those that occur in immunocompromised patients

A

IV acyclovir should be used at a dose of 5 to 10 mg/kg q8hs

35
Q

Tx of recurrent HSV

A

Oral acyclovir 400 mg three times daily or 800 mg twice daily for 5 days

36
Q 
lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) caused by ?
primary stage?
A

C. trachomatis L-serotypes (L1, L2, or L3)
-primary: local lesion that may be either a papule or a shallow ulcer, and is often painless, transient, and can go unnoticed

37
Q

LGV second stage

A

(inguinal syndrome) occurs 2-6 wksafter the primary lesion and is characterized by painful inflammation and enlargement of the inguinal nodes (typically unilateral). Systemic manifestations include fever, headaches, malaise, and anorexia

38
Q

? can result in the tertiary stage of LGV

characterized by ?

A

Rectal exposure
(anogenital syndrome)
proctocolitis, rectal stricture, rectovaginal fistula, and elephantiasis (lymphatic filariasis). Initially, an anal pruritus will develop with a concomitant mucous rectal discharge

39
Q

LGV diagnosis

A

clinical suspicion, genital and lymph node specimens may be tested for C. trachomatis by culture, direct immunofluorescence, or nucleic acid detection.

40
Q

LGV treatment

A

doxycycline 100 mg PO BID or erythromycin 500 mg orally four times a day for 21 days

41
Q

nonulcerative lesions

A 
Condyloma acuminata (HPV genital warts), molluscum contagiosum, caused by a pox virus, and lesions caused by Phthirus pubis, the crab louse (just pubic hair), and Sarcoptes scabiei, the itch mite (whole body). 
-always include folliculitis in the differential
42
Q

treatment of condyloma lesions

A

local excision, cryotherapy, topical trichloroacetic acid, topical 25% podophyllin, and 5-fluorouracil cream (Efudex 5%)

  • topical: imiquimod (Aldara) and podofilox (Condylox)
  • CO2 laser
43
Q

Cervarix

A

bivalent vaccine, protects against HPV serotypes 16 and 18 and is FDA approved for girls and women aged 10 to 25

44
Q

Gardasil

A

quadravalent vaccine protects against serotypes 6, 11, 16 and 18 and is FDA approved for girls and women as well as boys and men aged 9 to 26.

45
Q

Molluscum contagiosum contain a ?

treatment ?

A

waxy material that reveals intracytoplasmic molluscum bodies under microscopic examination when stained with Wright stain or Giemsa stain, not on palms or soles
-local excision and/or treatment of the nodule base with trichloroacetic acid or cryotherapy.

46
Q

Pubic lice treatment

A

permethrin 1% cream rinse applied to affected areas and washed off after 10 minutes or pyrethrins with piperonyl butoxide applied to the affected area and washed off after 10 minutes.

47
Q

scabies treatment

A

permethrin cream (5%) applied to all areas of the body from the neck down and washed off after 8 to 14 hours or ivermectin 200 μg/kg orally, repeated in 2 weeks.

48
Q

BV risk factors

BV associations

A

new or multiple sexual partners, douching, lack of vaginal lactobacilli, female sexual partners, and cigarette smoking

acquisition of some STIs, complications after gyne surgery, complications of pregnancy (preterm birth), and recurrence of BV.

49
Q

BV symptoms

A

may be asymptomatic or have an isolated increase in vaginal discharge.
if symptomatic: profuse nonirritating discharge, often with a malodorous fishy amine odor

50
Q

BV diagnosis

A

thin, white, homogeneous discharge coating the vaginal walls; an amine odor noted with addition of 10% KOH (“whiff” test); pH greater than 4.5; or presence of clue cells Gram stain with examination of bacteria in the vaginal discharge is considered the gold standard
-vaginal prep NOT culture

51
Q

candidiasis diagnosis

A

KOH prep, gram stain and culture

often clinical diagnosis

52
Q

candidiasis tx

A 
short course (1 to 3 days) of any of the azole agents via topical applications or vaginal suppository, including miconazole as an OTC preparation or terconazole by prescription
Oral therapy includes fluconazole (Diflucan) 150 mg PO 1x
53
Q

treatment of recurrent/complicated candidiasis

A

7 to 14 days of topical regimen or two to three doses of fluconazole oral therapy every 72 hours
oral fluconazole weekly for 6 months

54
Q

non-albicans candidiasis

A

600 mg vaginal boric acid capsules daily for 14 days

55
Q

Trichomonas diagnosis

A

wet prep microscopic exam
nucleic acid probe study, mmunochromatographic capillary flow dipstick technology
culture

56
Q

Trichomonas tx

A

metronidazole (Flagyl) 2 g orally or tinidazole 2 g orally in a single dose

57
Q

cervical motion tenderness in the absence of other signs of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is diagnosed as

A

cervicitis

58
Q

G/C risk

A

low SES, urban residence, nonwhite and non-Asian ethnicity, early age of first sexual activity, illicit drug use, being unmarried, and history of STIs.
higher rates seen among women 15- to 24-year-old (Clamydia as well)
Condoms, diaphragms, and spermicides decrease the risk of transmission

59
Q

As many as 1% of recognized gonococcal infections may proceed to a disseminated infection, beginning with what s/s?

A

fevers and erythematous macular skin lesions and proceeds to a tenosynovitis and septic arthritis.

60
Q

G/C diagnosis

A

modified Thayer-Martin chocolate agar
-nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) for both gonorrhea and chlamydial infection have largely supplanted the use of culture

61
Q

reason for the higher prevalence of chlamydial infections is that carriers of both sexes are often ?

A

entirely asymptomatic- Up to 70% of women

62
Q

CDC recommendations for Chlamydia screening

A

annual Chlamydia screening for sexually active women age 25 or younger, older women with risk factors for chlamydial infections (those with new sexual parters or multiple sexual partners), and all pregnant women.

63
Q

common sites for Chlamydia

presentation?

A

endocervix, urethra, and rectum

cervicitis, urethritis, and PID

OBGYN (28 decks)

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