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A&P2 Spring 25’ > 16 Jan 25 Understanding Renal and CV Phys > Flashcards

16 Jan 25 Understanding Renal and CV Phys Flashcards

1
Q

What is renal clearance?

A

The volume of plasma cleared of a compound per unit time

Renal clearance reflects how the kidney handles a compound, whether it is filtered or secreted.

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2
Q

What does free water clearance measure?

A

The volume of water removed from the body per unit time

Free water clearance is influenced by antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels.

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3
Q

What is considered normal blood pressure?

A

120/80 mmHg

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is approximately 93 mmHg.

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4
Q

How is mean arterial pressure (MAP) calculated?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (Systolic - Diastolic pressure)

For a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, MAP calculation results in 93 mmHg.

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5
Q

What is the typical pressure in the pulmonary circulation?

A

Pulmonary arterial pressure ~16 mmHg, Left atrial pressure ~2 mmHg

These values are essential for understanding circulatory dynamics.

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6
Q

What is the difference between compliance and distensibility?

A

Compliance measures change in volume over change in pressure; distensibility measures expandability based on original volume

High compliance means a container can accommodate more volume with minimal pressure.

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7
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures

Pulse pressure varies in different parts of the circulation.

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8
Q

What role do one-way valves play in veins?

A

Prevent backflow and support blood flow against gravity

Aging and prolonged standing can impair valve function, leading to varicose veins.

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9
Q

What is vascular resistance?

A

A measure of how difficult it is to move blood through a particular part of the circulatory system

Resistance is highest in arterioles.

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10
Q

What does Ohm’s Law state in the context of the cardiovascular system?

A

Pressure (V) equals blood flow (I) times vascular resistance (R)

This law helps explain how pressure drives blood flow.

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11
Q

How does sympathetic stimulation affect blood pressure?

A

Increased sympathetic tone raises arterial pressure; removal of tone decreases it

Sympathetic tone also affects venous pressure.

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12
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

Cardiac output is closely related to venous return.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between venous return and cardiac output?

A

Venous return must equal cardiac output for proper circulatory function

Both need to be maintained for normal blood flow and organ function.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Normal blood pressure is defined as _______.

A

120/80 mmHg

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15
Q

True or False: Blood pooling in the legs can impact blood pressure without affecting heart health.

A

True

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16
Q

What is the significance of right atrial pressure in the circulatory system?

A

It should be zero in a healthy individual, indicating proper blood flow dynamics

A delta P of 100 mmHg is expected in the systemic circulation.

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17
Q

What happens to blood pressure in veins due to gravity?

A

Increases with the height of the column of blood

Pressures can reach 90 mmHg at the base of the foot.

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18
Q

What is the formula for calculating MAP?

A

Diastolic pressure + 1/3 (Systolic - Diastolic pressure)

This formula provides a more accurate estimation of mean arterial pressure.

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19
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys in relation to clearance?

A

To filter and clear compounds from plasma

GFR reflects the kidney’s filtration capacity.

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20
Q

What is the importance of maintaining appropriate venous return?

A

It is crucial for normal blood flow and organ function

Venous return affects cardiac output and blood pressure.

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21
Q

What is the pressure profile in capillaries?

A

Starts at 30 mmHg at the arterial end and declines to 10 mmHg at the venous end

This pressure profile is essential for nutrient exchange.

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22
Q

What is the expected pressure upstream of arterioles?

A

High pressure

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23
Q

What is the expected pressure downstream of arterioles?

A

Low pressure

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24
Q

What is the normal capillary blood pressure at the arterial end?

A

30 mmHg

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25
Q

What is the normal blood pressure at the end of the capillaries?

A

10 mmHg

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26
Q

What is the normal right atrial pressure in a healthy individual?

A

0 mmHg

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27
Q

What is the blood pressure at the beginning of systemic circulation?

A

100 mmHg

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28
Q

What is the delta P of systemic circulation?

A

100 mmHg

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29
Q

What is the normal pulmonary arterial pressure?

A

16 mmHg

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30
Q

What is the reasonable systolic and diastolic pressure range in the pulmonary artery?

A

25 over 8 mmHg

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31
Q

What is the normal left atrial pressure in a healthy person?

A

2 mmHg

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32
Q

What is the delta P of the pulmonary circuit?

A

14 mmHg

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33
Q

Pulse pressure is calculated as the difference between which two pressures?

A

Systolic and diastolic pressures

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34
Q

What is the normal delta P in the aorta?

A

40 mmHg

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35
Q

True or False: Pulse pressure typically widens in large arteries compared to the aorta.

A

True

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36
Q

What does a widening of pulse pressure indicate about arterial stiffness?

A

Increased stiffness

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37
Q

What is the term used to describe the stretchiness of blood vessels?

A

Compliance

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38
Q

Fill in the blank: Compliance is defined as _______.

A

Change in volume over change in pressure

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39
Q

What happens to pulse pressure if stroke volume increases?

A

Pulse pressure increases

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40
Q

What is the relationship between vascular resistance and pressure in the pulmonary circuit?

A

Low resistance leads to low pressure

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41
Q

What is the expected pulse pressure in the pulmonary circulation?

A

Much less than in systemic circulation

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42
Q

What would happen to pulse pressure if arterial walls are very stiff?

A

Pulse pressure would be high

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43
Q

What does a low compliance indicate about a blood vessel?

A

Requires high pressure to accommodate volume

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44
Q

What is expected in the pressure profile of the left ventricle during diastole?

A

Low pressure

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45
Q

During ventricular contraction, what happens to the pressure in the left ventricle?

A

Pressure increases significantly

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46
Q

What happens to ventricular pressure during contraction?

A

It increases significantly, peaking above aortic pressure to allow blood flow into the aorta.

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47
Q

What is the pressure range in the left ventricle during filling and ejection?

A

Low during filling and high during ejection.

48
Q

How does the right ventricle’s pressure compare to pulmonary arterial pressure during ejection?

A

It has a pressure approximately the same as pulmonary arterial pressure.

49
Q

What is the peak systolic pressure in the right ventricle?

A

Approximately 25 mmHg.

50
Q

What factors contribute to high resistance in arterioles?

A
  • Thick walls * Narrow openings * Smooth muscle cells
51
Q

How do veins differ from arteries in terms of structure?

A
  • More stretchy * Wider internal diameter * Thinner walls
52
Q

What is the primary role of capillaries in the circulatory system?

A

Nutrient and gas exchange.

53
Q

What type of cells line the capillaries?

A

Endothelial cells.

54
Q

What is the normal diameter of the aorta?

A

Two to two and a half centimeters.

55
Q

How does aging affect the aorta’s properties?

A

It becomes less stretchy and more rigid, increasing pulse pressure.

56
Q

What is the standard cardiac output for a healthy adult?

A

Five liters per minute.

57
Q

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = Stroke volume × Heart rate.

58
Q

What is the normal heart rate for the specified class?

A

72 beats per minute.

59
Q

What happens to blood flow velocity in relation to cross-sectional area?

A

Velocity increases as the cross-sectional area decreases.

60
Q

True or False: Blood has many options to flow through in the systemic circulation.

A

True.

61
Q

What occurs at the arterial end of capillaries?

A

Filtration of fluid.

62
Q

What is the capillary pressure at the arterial end?

A

30 mmHg.

63
Q

What is the capillary pressure at the venous end?

A

10 mmHg.

64
Q

What is the effect of gravity on blood pressure in the cardiovascular system?

A

It increases pressure the further below a pressure source you are.

65
Q

What is the reference point for zero pressure inside the heart?

A

The center of the tricuspid valve.

66
Q

What blood pressure is expected at the umbilicus when standing?

A

About 22 mmHg.

67
Q

What blood pressure is expected in a large vein in the foot when standing still?

A

About 90 mmHg.

68
Q

What happens to blood pressure above the isogravimetric point?

A

It decreases.

69
Q

What is the pressure in the neck veins due to their structure?

A

About zero mmHg.

70
Q

What causes sub-atmospheric pressure in the superior sagittal sinus?

A

The rigid structure of the sinus and position of the head above the heart.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The type of pressure that increases as you go deeper below a pressure source is measured in _______.

A

mmHg.

72
Q

What happens to air pressure in the sinus if it has open access to the outside environment?

A

Air is sucked in due to sub atmospheric pressure

This occurs when the head is above the heart in the normal anatomical position.

73
Q

What is the reference point for measuring blood pressure in the upright position?

A

The middle of the heart

This is where a pressure cuff should ideally be placed for accurate readings.

74
Q

How does the anatomy of veins affect blood pressure measurements taken at the upper arm?

A

The height of the column of blood due to vein structure affects the pressure measurement

This results in an overestimation of blood pressure at the heart.

75
Q

What is the expected venous pressure in the upper arm due to gravitational effects?

A

Between 6 and 8 mmHg

This pressure is influenced by the weight of the blood column.

76
Q

In what position is blood pressure measurement at the arm likely more accurate?

A

Supine position

In this position, there is no significant gravitational effect on the pressure.

77
Q

What role do one-way valves in veins play in preventing backflow?

A

They prevent backflow and support blood flow towards the heart

These valves are crucial in maintaining venous return against gravity.

78
Q

What happens to the function of venous valves as a person ages?

A

Valves may not fit together properly due to vein stretching

This can lead to conditions like varicose veins.

79
Q

What is a common consequence of prolonged standing due to venous valve dysfunction?

A

Varicose veins

This results from increased pressure in the lower extremities over time.

80
Q

What is the approximate pressure in the foot veins when standing without functional valves?

A

About 95 mmHg

This pressure includes both the gravitational effect and the internal pressure of the blood.

81
Q

How does arterial pressure change in the upright position compared to the supine position?

A

Arterial pressure increases due to the combined effect of heart output and gravity

There are no one-way valves in arteries to counteract this effect.

82
Q

What is the expected pressure at the bottom of a beaker filled with blood that is 1.5 meters tall?

A

About 90 mmHg

This pressure reflects the effect of gravity on the blood column.

83
Q

What physiological mechanism helps prevent blood pooling in the legs during standing?

A

Muscle contraction in the legs

This action aids in pushing blood back towards the heart.

84
Q

Fill in the blank: If a person stands completely still for too long, blood will pool in the _______.

A

legs

85
Q

What happens to cardiac output if blood does not return to the heart due to pooling?

A

Cardiac output decreases

This can lead to fainting or syncope if the person stands still for extended periods.

86
Q

True or False: The pressure in the veins of the foot is higher when standing than when supine.

A

True

87
Q

What happens to a paralyzed patient when positioned at different angles?

A

They may pass out quickly due to blood pooling in the legs.

This scenario is relevant in surgical settings where patients may be immobilized.

88
Q

What is vascular compliance?

A

The change in blood volume divided by the change in blood pressure.

High compliance means a large volume generates small pressure changes.

89
Q

What is the formula for vascular compliance?

A

Delta V / Delta P.

Delta V is the change in volume, and Delta P is the change in pressure.

90
Q

What is distensibility?

A

The ability of a container to expand based on its original volume.

High distensibility occurs when a small container can expand significantly.

91
Q

What is the relationship between resistance and blood flow?

A

Resistance describes how difficult it is to move blood through vessels; higher resistance means lower blood flow.

Blood flow is inversely related to resistance.

92
Q

What is the relationship between conductance and resistance?

A

Conductance is the inverse of resistance; high conductance means low resistance.

Conductance can be calculated as 1/R.

93
Q

How do blood vessels control blood flow?

A

By adjusting their vascular resistance through relaxation or constriction.

Changes in the diameter of blood vessels significantly affect flow.

94
Q

What is the effect of a small change in diameter on resistance?

A

It results in a huge change in resistance and blood flow.

This is due to the fourth power relationship of diameter to resistance.

95
Q

What does Ohm’s Law represent in the cardiovascular system?

A

V = IR, where V is blood pressure, I is blood flow, and R is vascular resistance.

The law helps in understanding pressure, flow, and resistance relationships.

96
Q

What is the formula to calculate vascular resistance?

A

Vascular resistance = Delta P / Blood flow.

Delta P is the difference in pressure across the system.

97
Q

What volumes of blood are typically found in the systemic arterial and venous systems?

A

Approximately 700 mL in systemic arteries and 2500 mL in systemic veins.

These volumes illustrate the differences in pressure and compliance between the two systems.

98
Q

How does pressure change in the arterial system with added volume?

A

Pressure increases significantly with a small addition of volume.

This indicates low compliance in the arterial system.

99
Q

How does pressure change in the venous system with added volume?

A

Pressure hardly changes even with a large addition of volume.

This indicates high compliance in the venous system.

100
Q

What is the significance of the slope in a volume versus pressure graph?

A

The slope indicates the compliance of the system; a steep slope suggests low compliance.

The arterial system has a steep slope, while the venous system has a shallow slope.

101
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on vascular tone?

A

It can increase vascular resistance and affect blood flow.

Sympathetic inhibition would decrease vascular tone.

102
Q

What happens to blood pressure when all sympathetic tone is removed and blood volume remains the same?

A

Blood pressure crashes.

This is because the arterial walls lack the necessary squeeze to maintain pressure.

103
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on blood pressure with a constant blood volume?

A

Blood pressure increases significantly.

In extreme cases, the pressure can be so high it does not fit on standard charts.

104
Q

What is the typical blood pressure with 700 cc’s of blood in the arteries under normal conditions?

A

About 100 mmHg.

105
Q

What happens to venous pressure when sympathetic stimulation is removed?

A

Venous pressure drops significantly, potentially to zero.

106
Q

What is the effect of constricting systemic veins on central venous pressure?

A

Central venous pressure can increase to about 18 or 20 mmHg.

107
Q

What is normal cardiac output under typical conditions?

A

About 5 liters per minute.

108
Q

How does increasing central venous pressure (CVP) affect right atrial pressure?

A

Increasing CVP typically causes an increase in right atrial pressure.

109
Q

How is cardiac output related to venous return?

A

Venous return must equal cardiac output.

110
Q

True or False: Cardiac output is solely determined by the health of the heart.

A

False.

Cardiac output is also influenced by the circulatory system’s ability to return blood to the heart.

111
Q

What role does blood volume play in maintaining blood pressure when sympathetic stimulation is absent?

A

Adding volume can help correct low blood pressure.

112
Q

What is the relationship between the heart’s pumping capacity and the volume of blood returned to it?

A

The heart can only pump out what is returned to it.

113
Q

Fill in the blank: If blood is pooling in the legs due to a blockage, it can cause _______.

A

massive problems with blood pressure.

114
Q

What does the curve illustrating venous return properties connect to?

A

Cardiac output and pressures in the circulatory system.

115
Q

What happens to cardiac output if right atrial pressure is increased?

A

Cardiac output increases significantly.

116
Q

What is a key factor that can influence both cardiac output and blood pressure?

A

The volume status of the body.

117
Q

True or False: The arteries are more compliant than the veins.

A

False.

Arteries are typically less compliant than veins.

A&P2 Spring 25’ (6 decks)

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