[16] Hypoparathyroidism

Question 1

What happens in hypoparathyoidism?

Answer 1

Decreased PTH due to gland failure

Question 2

What are the symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 2

Spasms
Perioral paresthesia
Anxiousness and irritability
Seizures
Increased muscle tone
Confusion 
Dermatitis 
Impetigo herpetiformis
Cardiomyopathy

Question 3

What spasms occur in hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 3

Carpopedal

Question 4

What can increased muscle tone in hypoparathyroidism lead to?

Answer 4

Colic
Wheeze
Dysphagia

Question 5

What can cardiomyopathy in hypoparathyroidism lead to?

Answer 5

Prolonged QTc, leading to torsades de pointes

Question 6

What are the causes of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 6

Autoimmune
Congenital
Iatrogenic

Question 7

What congenital condition causes hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 7

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 8

What are the features of DiGeorge syndrome?

Answer 8

Tetraology of Fallot
Abnormal facies 
Thyic aplasia
Cleft palate
Hypocalcaemia

Question 9

Where is the chromosomal abnormality in DiGeorge syndrome?

Answer 9

Chromosome 22

Question 10

What are the iatrogenic causes of hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 10

Surgery

Radiation

Question 11

What are the findings on blood tests in hypoparathyroidism?

Answer 11

Decreased calcium
Increased phosphate
Decreased PTH
Normal ALP

Question 12

How is hypoparathyroidism managed?

Answer 12

Ca supplements

Calcitriol

Question 13

What happens in pseudohypoparathyroidism?

Answer 13

Failure of target organ response to PTH

Question 14

What are the symptoms of pseudohypoparathydoisim?

Answer 14

Those of hypocalcaemia

Short 4th and 5th metacarpals, short stature

Question 15

What will be found on blood tests in pseudohypoparathyroidism?

Answer 15

Decreased calcium

Increased PTH

Question 16

What happens in pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism?

Answer 16

There is a normal (maternal) receptor in the kidney, so normal biochemistry, but abnormal (paternal) receptors in the body