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GCSE EDEXCEL Astronomy (paper 2 ONLY) > 16) Cosmology ✅ > Flashcards

16) Cosmology ✅ Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Redshift?

A

Redshift is when objects moving away from us, are shifted towards the red end of the spectrum and the wavelengths of spectral lines become longer than the same corresponding wavelengths measured in a laboratory on Earth. It is an example of the Doppler Principle

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2
Q

What is the equation to calculate the change in wavelength?

A 
λ - λ₀ . .v
------- = --
. .λ₀ . . .c
λ = Observed wavelength
λ₀ = True Wavelength
v = Velocity
c = Speed of light
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3
Q

Write out the Hubble’s Law.

A 
v = H₀d
H₀ = Hubble's Constant
v = Velocity
d = Distance
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4
Q

How can you determine the value of H₀?

A

Calculate the gradient of a v-d graph

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5
Q

What is the value of Hubble’s Constant (H₀)?

A

The accepted value is 68 km/s/Mpc

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6
Q

What is the Big Bang?

A

The Big Bang is a rapid expansion from an extremely high density to create the universe

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7
Q

What is the Steady State Model?

A

The Steady State Model suggests that the the Universe always has been expanding. The density of the Universe is constant over time with new matter being constantly created

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8
Q

What is a Cyclic Universe?

A

A Cyclic Universe suggests that there have been a series of Big Bang/ Big Crunch scenarios and will continue in the future

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9
Q

Which two theories state that overall density decreases with time?

A

Big Bang and Cyclic models

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10
Q

Which evidence supports the Big Bang model?

A
  • Quasars
  • Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Radiation
  • Hubble Deep Field (HDF) image
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11
Q

What is CMB radiation?

A

The oldest light in the universe

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12
Q

How do Quasars support the Big Bang model?

A

Quasars are only found with high redshifts, which implies that they lie great distances from us and were created when the Universe was very young; the fact that quasars were more common in the early Universe compared with today which supports the nature of the Big Bang model

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13
Q

How do Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) radiation support the Big Bang model?

A

Russian cosmologist George Gamow predicted if the early Universe was hot and dense, it would’ve cooled and expanded to a temperature just above absolute zero. In 1965, Robert Wilson accidentally discovered CMB radiation from all parts of the sky that corresponded to a temperature of 2.7 K

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14
Q

How does the Hubble Deep Field image support the Big Bang model?

A

These images were a series of long exposure images of empty space with a small field-of-view of 2.6 arcmins but the image revealed thousands of distant old galaxies, implying that the early Universe was very different from how it appears today

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15
Q

What are the three possible models for the expanding Universe?

A
  • Decelerating Universe
  • Coasting Universe
  • Accelerating Universe
  • Cyclic universe
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16
Q

What does a decelerating Universe lead to?

A

A decelerating Universe leads to a collapse in a ‘Big Crunch’

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17
Q

What does a Coasting Universe lead to?

A

A Coasting Universe will continue to expand at a constant rate

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18
Q

If the expansion of the universe is Accelerating, what is fueling the expansion?

A

The expansion of the Universe is accelerating due to dark energy, a mysterious repulsive force, which increases the rate of expansion

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19
Q

How much of the Universe is believed to be made up of dark matter?

A

25%

20
Q

Dark matter is used to explain what?

A

Gravitational Lensing

21
Q

What is Gravitational Lensing?

A

Gravitational Lensing is the apparent bending of light from galaxies to form multiple images of the same galaxy

22
Q

What is believed to be a form of black matter?

A

WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles)

23
Q

What is the relationship between velocity and distance?

A

Velocity and Distance are directly proportional to each other

24
Q

How do you calculate recession velocity of a galaxy?

A 
c(Δλ)
-------- = v
 . .λ
c = speed of light
Δλ = Change in wavelength
λ = Actual Wavelength
v = Recession velocity
25
Q

What is blueshift?

A

Blueshift is when light is shifted towards the shorter end of the spectrum, indicating that it is moving towards us

26
Q

What is the Equant?

A

The Equant is a mathematical concept used to explain observed speed changes in planetary orbit in a geocentric system

27
Q

What is an Epicycle?

A

The Epicycle is a geometric model that was used to explain the apparent change in speed and direction of the apparent motion of the planets. It was used in particular to explain retrograde motion

28
Q

What is the most appropriate united for distances to galaxies?

A

Megaparsec

29
Q

Why can the Hubble Constant given as an inverse of time?

A

The basic unit is the kilometre per second per megaparsec. The kilometre and megaparsec are both units of distance/length. These can effectively cancel to leave the unit as the ‘per second’

30
Q

What is Hubble Time?

A

Hubble time is the time for which the Universe has been expanding

31
Q

What are the approximate percentages of normal matter, dark matter and dark energy?

A

Normal matter - 5%
Dark Matter - 25%
Dark Energy - 70%

32
Q

What is Hubble Time?

A

The age of the Universe - 14 billion years

33
Q

What is Hubble length?

A

Hubble length is the length of the observable Universe

34
Q

What is radial velocity?

A

How fast an object is travelling in the direction of the line of sight

35
Q

How have scientists measured the mass of galaxies?

A

By studying the light coming from them and their velocity

36
Q

How have scientists deduced that dark matter exists?

A

It has been found that galaxies are moving faster than they ought to for their mass.
—> Should not be possible within other laws of physics. Their mass should be many times higher

37
Q

Dark energy…

A

Repulsion

38
Q

Dark matter…

A

Attraction

39
Q

Why do scientists find it difficult to detect dark matter and dark energy?

A

They do not interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation in the same way that ordinary matter does.

Dark energy is invisible

40
Q

What 2 space probes got sent out to study the CMB radiation?

A

WMAP and the Planck surveyor

41
Q

What is the WMAP?

A

the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe

42
Q

What are some discoveries made by the WMAP probe?

A
  • WMAP definitively determined the age of the Universe to be 13.73 billion years old
  • Mapped the CMB radiation and produced the first fine-resolution
  • Found out (accurately) how much dark matter and energy there is
43
Q

When did the WMAP get sent out?

A

2001

44
Q

What is the Planck Surveyor?

A

A probe that measured the average density of ordinary matter and dark matter in the Universe and the age of the universe.

45
Q

When did the Planck Surveyor get sent out?

A

2009

46
Q

What is the temperature of CMB radiation

A

2.7 K

47
Q

How does space seem to be on a sensitively calibrated telescope?

(What is this consistent with?)

A

A background glow appears

This is consistent in any direction with very minor variations in density - the apparent ‘ripples’ in the radiation.

GCSE EDEXCEL Astronomy (paper 2 ONLY) (9 decks)

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