1.6 Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

How do eukaryotic cells divide?

A

Mitosis. Create same DNA

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2
Q

What is interphase?

A

An active period in the life of a cell when many metabolic reactions occur, including protein synthesis, DNA replication, and an increase in # of mitochondria and chloroplasts.

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3
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1: cell contents except DNA is duplicating as cell grows. S: DNA replication. G2: cell growth continues and DNA replication stops.

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4
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The division of the nucleus into two genetically identical daughter nuclei. Growth, embryonic development, tissue repair and asexual reproduction involve mitosis.

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5
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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6
Q

What happens in Prophase?

A

Chromatin supercoils to become chromosomes. Proteins called histones help w supercoiling. Nuclear mem. breaks down.

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7
Q

What happens in Metaphase?

A

Microtubules grow and attach to centromeres of each double stranded chromosome. Chromosomes line in at equator (middle) of the cell.

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8
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

Each centromere divides. Sister chromatids separate. Spindles pull single stranded chromosomes towards the two poles of the cell.

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9
Q

What happens in Telophase?

A

Chromosomes pulled into tight group near MTOC (microtubule organizing centre). Nuclear membrane reforms. Chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin. Nucleolus forms. UNSEPARATED cell.

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10
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

Occurs after mitosis. Different in plant and animal cells. PHYSICAL CELL DIVISION.

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11
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in plant cells?

A

Vesicles move to equator and fuse to form 2 layers of membrane. Cell plate forms in middle which becomes new cell wall in between daughter cells.

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12
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide

A

Binary fission. Create same DNA

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13
Q

How does cytokinesis happen in animal cells?

A

Ring of contractile

Proteins pull inwards to form cleavage furrow. Squeezes centre of cell until two cell break apart from each other.

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14
Q

What are cyclins and what do they do?

A

Proteins that endure tasks performed during cell cycle occur at the correct time and next phase occurs when it is supposed to. 4 types of cyclins, each must reach a threshold conc. before it triggers a specific task.

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15
Q

How are tumours created?

A

Cell division that happens too quickly can cause tumours.

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16
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Abnormal group of cells. Cells can stick together and do not travel or cells can detach and move elsewhere to develop into secondary tumours.

17
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Chemicals and agents that cause cancer. Chemical mutagens, high energy radiation, some viruses, etc.

18
Q

What is a mutagen?

A

Agents that cause gene mutation (random changes in the base sequence of DNA - changes order of A, T, C, G)

19
Q

What is a oncogene?

A

A gene that can become cancer-causing after mutation. Oncogenes involved in control of cell cycle so s mutation in onc. can cause uncontrolled cell division - tumour. Several mutations must occur in one cell for it to become a tumour cell.

20
Q

What is a mitotic index?

A

Important tool for predicting the response of cancer cells to chemo. The ratio between the # of cells in mitosis in a tissue and the total # of observed cells.

MI = mitosis/total cells